Types of Waves

Standing Waves on a String Lab

Let’s think about a string that is tied to a wall from one end and is being pulled in opposite direction from other end. Now suppose that it is being vibrated with a particular frequency.
The vibration will produce a wave that will pass through the length of string and will reach at its distant end that is tied with wall.

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Now as the wave hits the wall, it will be reflected and will travel through the string in opposite direction. As we know that for every action, there is equal and opposite reaction. Result of wave hitting the wall will be refection of wave in opposite direction. If the incoming wave has positive amplitude, the reflected wave will have negative amplitude.

Now suppose that second incident wave enter the string and travel through its length with positive amplitude. The reflected wave with negative amplitude will interfere with incident wave with positive amplitude at a particular point of string. If we provide many incident pattern of forms one after other, they will be interfered by the reflected ones.
Since both the forms have opposite amplitude, the standing pattern will be generated, hence the name.

Examples of Standing Waves

Standing forms are unique in having nodes and internodes that are the region of zero and intense disturbance respectively.
These do not cause the particle to travel instead; they make the particles to vibrate up and down. If cord, cable or string is vibrated with harmonic frequency, standing forms are generated.
Examples include the forms travelling through guitar string or water in lake or river. Any two identical forms with particular frequency can also produce standing forms.

Elastic Waves

These are characterised by movement of particles due to disturbance followed by appearance of a force to restore their initial position.
The magnitude of force is proportional to the magnitude of displacement of medium particles. It can be best understood by taking example of gas.
Gas is a compressible form of matter that can be compressed to desired volume by applying external pressure. Removal of pressure resumes the initial positions of gas particles.
Now if we allow the sound forms to travel through gas, it will be an example of elastic.

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Standing Waves Definition

Standing forms are defined as something that is produced by reflection and interference of incident forms. Here the equal and opposite amplitude of reflected and incident forms cancel each other out, giving the appearance of the standing forms.

Examples of Surface Waves

These are seismic forms that travel near the earth surface. Example would be ocean surface patterns waves.