Equipartition of Energy
The theorem of equipartition of energy states that molecules in thermal equilibrium have the same average energy associated with each independent degree of freedom of their motion and that the energy is serves well in the definition of kinetic temperature since that involves just the translational degrees of freedom, but it fails to predict the specific heats of polyatomic gases because the increase in internal energy associated with heating such gases adds energy to rotational and perhaps vibrational degrees of freedom. Each vibrational mode will get kT/2 for kinetic energy and kT/2 for potential energy - equality of kinetic and potential energy is addressed in the virial theorem. Equipartition of energy also has implication for electromagnetic radiation when it is in equilibrium with matter, each mode of radiation having kT of energy in the Rayleigh-Jeans law.
For the translational degrees of freedom only, equipartition can be shown to follow from the Boltzmann distribution.
Thermal Energy
The average translational kinetic energy possessed by free particles given by equipartition of energy is sometimes called the thermal energy per particle. It is useful in making judgements about whether the internal energy possessed by a system of particles will be sufficient to cause other phenomena. It is also useful for comparisons of other types of energy possessed by a particle to that which it possesses simply as a result of its temperature.
The calculated thermal energy provides a useful comparison for the energies involved in other physical phenomena. For example, in the interaction of radiation with matter it is useful to compare the quantum energy of the photons of the radiation with the thermal energy at the existing temperature. The photon energy associated with the photons in a microwave oven at frequency 2.45 GHz is about 10-5 eV. The average thermal energy at 20°C is 0.04 eV, about 3700 times higher. This suggests that the specific effects of the microwave photons in rotating molecules will be quickly randomized by the overwhelming thermal energy of the surroundings, so that the contribution of the microwaves will be "thermalized" or appear as a contribution to raising the temperature of the material.
Internal Energy for Ideal Gas
Internal energy in general includes both kinetic energy and potential energy associated with the molecular motion. But the potential energy is associated with intermolecular forces and is presumed to be zero in an ideal gas where the only molecular interactions are the perfectly elastic collisions between molecules. Therefore the internal energy of an ideal gas is entirely kinetic energy.
Thursday, April 25, 2013
Internal Resistance Circuit
Introduction to internal resistance circuit
The internal resistance is due to the cell or battery in the circuit. The internal resistance of a cell is due to the electrolyte between the two electrodes. Ant current in the battery must flow through the internal resistance. The internal resistance acts in series combination in the cell. There is a voltage drop during charging and discharging the cell.
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Internal resistance circuit
When we connect the plates or the electrodes of the cell by a wire so that the circuit is completed, the current flows outside the cell from the positive electrode to the negative electrode of the cell. The direction of flow of current inside the electrolyte is from negative terminal to the positive terminal of the cell. So that the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the cell is known as to be the internal resistance of the cell. Because of the internal resistance of the cell a part of the energy given by the cell is lost in the form of heat inside the cell itself. The internal resistance of the cell is not a constant quantity, it increases slowly as the cell used. The internal resistance of the circuit is denoted by r and it is always in the series combination with the cell used. In the case of discharging of a cell, let E be the emf of the cell, V be the terminal potential difference across the cell and r be the internal resistance then
r = (E/V – 1) R
where, R be the external load resistance of the circuit.
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Factors on which the internal resistance of the circuit depends
The internal resistance of the cell depends upon the following factors:
(i) The internal resistance of the cell is directly proportional to the separation between the plates.
(ii) The internal resistance of the cell is directly proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in the electrolyte solution.
(iii) The internal resistance of the cell depends on the nature, concentration and the temperature of the electrolyte of the cell. As the concentration and the temperature of the electrolyte increases the internal resistance also increases.
The internal resistance is due to the cell or battery in the circuit. The internal resistance of a cell is due to the electrolyte between the two electrodes. Ant current in the battery must flow through the internal resistance. The internal resistance acts in series combination in the cell. There is a voltage drop during charging and discharging the cell.
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Internal resistance circuit
When we connect the plates or the electrodes of the cell by a wire so that the circuit is completed, the current flows outside the cell from the positive electrode to the negative electrode of the cell. The direction of flow of current inside the electrolyte is from negative terminal to the positive terminal of the cell. So that the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the cell is known as to be the internal resistance of the cell. Because of the internal resistance of the cell a part of the energy given by the cell is lost in the form of heat inside the cell itself. The internal resistance of the cell is not a constant quantity, it increases slowly as the cell used. The internal resistance of the circuit is denoted by r and it is always in the series combination with the cell used. In the case of discharging of a cell, let E be the emf of the cell, V be the terminal potential difference across the cell and r be the internal resistance then
r = (E/V – 1) R
where, R be the external load resistance of the circuit.
Is this topic formula for frequency hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Factors on which the internal resistance of the circuit depends
The internal resistance of the cell depends upon the following factors:
(i) The internal resistance of the cell is directly proportional to the separation between the plates.
(ii) The internal resistance of the cell is directly proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in the electrolyte solution.
(iii) The internal resistance of the cell depends on the nature, concentration and the temperature of the electrolyte of the cell. As the concentration and the temperature of the electrolyte increases the internal resistance also increases.
Radiation Shielding
Radiation protection, sometimes known as radiological protection, is the science of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation, which includes bothparticle radiation and high energy electromagnetic radiation.
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Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, but presents a significant health hazard. It causes microscopic damage to living tissue, resulting in skin burns and at high exposures and statistically elevated risks of disesesat low exposures.
Radiation protection can be divided into occupational radiation protection, which is the protection of workers; medical radiation protection, which is the protection of patients; and public radiation protection, which is protection of individual members of the public, and of the population as a whole. The types of exposure, as well as government regulations and legal exposure limits are different for each of these groups, so they must be considered separately.
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Radiation Shielding
There are three factors that control the amount, or dose, of radiation received from a source. Radiation exposure can be managed by a combination of these factors:
1. Time: Reducing the time of an exposure reduces the effective dose proportionally. An example of reducing radiation doses by reducing the time of exposures might be improving operator training to reduce the time they take to handle a source.
2. Distance: Increasing distance reduces dose due to the inverse square law. Distance can be as simple as handling a source with forceps rather than fingers.
3. Shielding: The term 'biological shield' refers to a mass of absorbing material placed around a reactor, or other radioactive source, to reduce the radiation to a level safe for humans.[1] The effectiveness of a material as a biological shield is related to its cross-section for scattering and absorption, and to a first approximation is proportional to the total mass of material per unit area interposed along the line of sight between the radiation source and the region to be protected. Hence, shielding strength or "thickness" is conventionally measured in units of g/cm2. The radiation that manages to get through falls exponentially with the thickness of the shield. In x-ray facilities, the plaster on the rooms with the x-ray generator contains barium sulfate and the operators stay behind a leaded glass screen and wear lead aprons. Almost any material can act as a shield from gamma or x-rays if used in sufficient amounts.
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Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, but presents a significant health hazard. It causes microscopic damage to living tissue, resulting in skin burns and at high exposures and statistically elevated risks of disesesat low exposures.
Radiation protection can be divided into occupational radiation protection, which is the protection of workers; medical radiation protection, which is the protection of patients; and public radiation protection, which is protection of individual members of the public, and of the population as a whole. The types of exposure, as well as government regulations and legal exposure limits are different for each of these groups, so they must be considered separately.
Is this topic electric field equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Radiation Shielding
There are three factors that control the amount, or dose, of radiation received from a source. Radiation exposure can be managed by a combination of these factors:
1. Time: Reducing the time of an exposure reduces the effective dose proportionally. An example of reducing radiation doses by reducing the time of exposures might be improving operator training to reduce the time they take to handle a source.
2. Distance: Increasing distance reduces dose due to the inverse square law. Distance can be as simple as handling a source with forceps rather than fingers.
3. Shielding: The term 'biological shield' refers to a mass of absorbing material placed around a reactor, or other radioactive source, to reduce the radiation to a level safe for humans.[1] The effectiveness of a material as a biological shield is related to its cross-section for scattering and absorption, and to a first approximation is proportional to the total mass of material per unit area interposed along the line of sight between the radiation source and the region to be protected. Hence, shielding strength or "thickness" is conventionally measured in units of g/cm2. The radiation that manages to get through falls exponentially with the thickness of the shield. In x-ray facilities, the plaster on the rooms with the x-ray generator contains barium sulfate and the operators stay behind a leaded glass screen and wear lead aprons. Almost any material can act as a shield from gamma or x-rays if used in sufficient amounts.
Simple Machines Work
Introduction to simple machines work:
Ancient people invented simple machines to do their work easily against different kinds of opposing forces.In the 3rd BC.the Greek philosopher Archimedes, studied the simple machines like lever, pulley, and screw.A mechanical device that alters the magnitude/direction of a force is called as a simple machine. A combination of these simple machines can form complex machines.
Work: Exertion of a force to overcome resistance.
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Principles of simple machines
A simple machine works on the principle of a lever.
A lever is a rigid, straight or curved bar, which rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. It has an effort/applied force and a load/resistant force.
First lever: The fulcrum is between the effort and load.
Scissors, Crowbars, pliers and seesaws.
Second lever: The resistance force is between the fulcrum and the effort force.
Wheel barrows, Nut crackers and bottle openers.
Third lever: The effort is between the fulcrum and the load.
Hammers, Tweezers and shovels.
Work of simple machines
A machine by the following functions makes work easier:
Transfer of force
The direction of a force is altered
The magnitude of a force is increased
The distance/speed of a force is increased.
Simple machines are of six types, such as the wheel and axle, lever, the inclined plane, the pulley, screw and the wedge.The ratio of output divided by input is called as Mechanical advantage.
Mechanical Advantage = output/input
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Conclusion to simple machine work
From the discussion made above, we can conclude that, the work done by the effort is equal to the work done on the load.
Work = Force x Displacement
Unit of work is a joule
Ancient people invented simple machines to do their work easily against different kinds of opposing forces.In the 3rd BC.the Greek philosopher Archimedes, studied the simple machines like lever, pulley, and screw.A mechanical device that alters the magnitude/direction of a force is called as a simple machine. A combination of these simple machines can form complex machines.
Work: Exertion of a force to overcome resistance.
Please express your views of this topic Electric Current Definition by commenting on blog.
Principles of simple machines
A simple machine works on the principle of a lever.
A lever is a rigid, straight or curved bar, which rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. It has an effort/applied force and a load/resistant force.
First lever: The fulcrum is between the effort and load.
Scissors, Crowbars, pliers and seesaws.
Second lever: The resistance force is between the fulcrum and the effort force.
Wheel barrows, Nut crackers and bottle openers.
Third lever: The effort is between the fulcrum and the load.
Hammers, Tweezers and shovels.
Work of simple machines
A machine by the following functions makes work easier:
Transfer of force
The direction of a force is altered
The magnitude of a force is increased
The distance/speed of a force is increased.
Simple machines are of six types, such as the wheel and axle, lever, the inclined plane, the pulley, screw and the wedge.The ratio of output divided by input is called as Mechanical advantage.
Mechanical Advantage = output/input
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Conclusion to simple machine work
From the discussion made above, we can conclude that, the work done by the effort is equal to the work done on the load.
Work = Force x Displacement
Unit of work is a joule
Wednesday, April 17, 2013
Types of Waves
Standing Waves on a String Lab
Let’s think about a string that is tied to a wall from one end and is being pulled in opposite direction from other end. Now suppose that it is being vibrated with a particular frequency.
The vibration will produce a wave that will pass through the length of string and will reach at its distant end that is tied with wall.
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Now as the wave hits the wall, it will be reflected and will travel through the string in opposite direction. As we know that for every action, there is equal and opposite reaction. Result of wave hitting the wall will be refection of wave in opposite direction. If the incoming wave has positive amplitude, the reflected wave will have negative amplitude.
Now suppose that second incident wave enter the string and travel through its length with positive amplitude. The reflected wave with negative amplitude will interfere with incident wave with positive amplitude at a particular point of string. If we provide many incident pattern of forms one after other, they will be interfered by the reflected ones.
Since both the forms have opposite amplitude, the standing pattern will be generated, hence the name.
Examples of Standing Waves
Standing forms are unique in having nodes and internodes that are the region of zero and intense disturbance respectively.
These do not cause the particle to travel instead; they make the particles to vibrate up and down. If cord, cable or string is vibrated with harmonic frequency, standing forms are generated.
Examples include the forms travelling through guitar string or water in lake or river. Any two identical forms with particular frequency can also produce standing forms.
Elastic Waves
These are characterised by movement of particles due to disturbance followed by appearance of a force to restore their initial position.
The magnitude of force is proportional to the magnitude of displacement of medium particles. It can be best understood by taking example of gas.
Gas is a compressible form of matter that can be compressed to desired volume by applying external pressure. Removal of pressure resumes the initial positions of gas particles.
Now if we allow the sound forms to travel through gas, it will be an example of elastic.
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Standing Waves Definition
Standing forms are defined as something that is produced by reflection and interference of incident forms. Here the equal and opposite amplitude of reflected and incident forms cancel each other out, giving the appearance of the standing forms.
Examples of Surface Waves
These are seismic forms that travel near the earth surface. Example would be ocean surface patterns waves.
Let’s think about a string that is tied to a wall from one end and is being pulled in opposite direction from other end. Now suppose that it is being vibrated with a particular frequency.
The vibration will produce a wave that will pass through the length of string and will reach at its distant end that is tied with wall.
Please express your views of this topic Longitudinal Waves Definition by commenting on blog.
Now as the wave hits the wall, it will be reflected and will travel through the string in opposite direction. As we know that for every action, there is equal and opposite reaction. Result of wave hitting the wall will be refection of wave in opposite direction. If the incoming wave has positive amplitude, the reflected wave will have negative amplitude.
Now suppose that second incident wave enter the string and travel through its length with positive amplitude. The reflected wave with negative amplitude will interfere with incident wave with positive amplitude at a particular point of string. If we provide many incident pattern of forms one after other, they will be interfered by the reflected ones.
Since both the forms have opposite amplitude, the standing pattern will be generated, hence the name.
Examples of Standing Waves
Standing forms are unique in having nodes and internodes that are the region of zero and intense disturbance respectively.
These do not cause the particle to travel instead; they make the particles to vibrate up and down. If cord, cable or string is vibrated with harmonic frequency, standing forms are generated.
Examples include the forms travelling through guitar string or water in lake or river. Any two identical forms with particular frequency can also produce standing forms.
Elastic Waves
These are characterised by movement of particles due to disturbance followed by appearance of a force to restore their initial position.
The magnitude of force is proportional to the magnitude of displacement of medium particles. It can be best understood by taking example of gas.
Gas is a compressible form of matter that can be compressed to desired volume by applying external pressure. Removal of pressure resumes the initial positions of gas particles.
Now if we allow the sound forms to travel through gas, it will be an example of elastic.
Having problem with formula for wavelength keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Standing Waves Definition
Standing forms are defined as something that is produced by reflection and interference of incident forms. Here the equal and opposite amplitude of reflected and incident forms cancel each other out, giving the appearance of the standing forms.
Examples of Surface Waves
These are seismic forms that travel near the earth surface. Example would be ocean surface patterns waves.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is a physical process that includes emitting of radiations from unstable atoms. These atoms achieve stability through the process of radioactive decay. A radioactive atom emits energy and particles during its decomposition which are referred to as radiations. Radioactive decay can be natural or induced. Natural radioactive decay includes natural decomposition of radioactive atoms. It is categorised into three categories namely alpha radiation, beta radiation and gamma radiation.
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Radioactive Waste
Radioactive waste includes waste materials produced during the process of radioactive decay. It is categorised into various groups on the basis of its level of harmfulness to people. Some of them are as following.
Exempt waste and very low level radioactive waste includes the waste that are least or even not harmful to people and surroundings. Low level radioactive waste is generated in hospitals and nuclear fuel cycle that contain very small amount of short living radioactive decay.
Intermediate level radioactive waste contain relatively higher amount of nuclear decay and should be managed to avoid its harmful effects. High level radioactive waste is produced in nuclear reactors and as the name suggests it has very high level of nuclear decay and is very harmful to people and environment if not managed properly.
What is Radioactivity
Radio-activity is feature of some unstable atomic nucleus that emits radiations spontaneously. These unstable nuclei do so in order to achieve a stable configuration. Hence they emit some energy in form of radiations. Ability of these nuclei to emit radiations spontaneously is referred to as nuclear decay. Say for example, an atomic nucleus has too many neutrons. These excess neutrons make this nucleus unstable.
Hence this nucleus emits a negatively charged beta particle and thereby converting one neutron into proton. Likewise an atom with excess protons emit positron and thereby converts one proton into neutron. Hence the atom gets rid of excess subatomic particles by emitting radiations. The whole process is referred to as nuclear decay.Is this topic Equation for Kinetic Energy hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Radioactivity Definition
Nuclear decay is a physical process defined as ability of atoms to emit radiations spontaneously.
Who Discovered Radioactivity
H. Becquerel discovered radioactive decay during his studies on properties of X-rays. He demonstrated that atoms of Uranium have ability to emit radiations spontaneously without any external energy source.
Later M. Curie and her husband Pierre coined the term “radioactivity”. They showed that ore of Uranium had more radioactive decay than the pure Uranium. This was due to the presence of other radioactive elements in the ore namely polonium and radium.
Radioactivity is a physical process that includes emitting of radiations from unstable atoms. These atoms achieve stability through the process of radioactive decay. A radioactive atom emits energy and particles during its decomposition which are referred to as radiations. Radioactive decay can be natural or induced. Natural radioactive decay includes natural decomposition of radioactive atoms. It is categorised into three categories namely alpha radiation, beta radiation and gamma radiation.
Please express your views of this topic Effects of Radiation Poisoning by commenting on blog.
Radioactive Waste
Radioactive waste includes waste materials produced during the process of radioactive decay. It is categorised into various groups on the basis of its level of harmfulness to people. Some of them are as following.
Exempt waste and very low level radioactive waste includes the waste that are least or even not harmful to people and surroundings. Low level radioactive waste is generated in hospitals and nuclear fuel cycle that contain very small amount of short living radioactive decay.
Intermediate level radioactive waste contain relatively higher amount of nuclear decay and should be managed to avoid its harmful effects. High level radioactive waste is produced in nuclear reactors and as the name suggests it has very high level of nuclear decay and is very harmful to people and environment if not managed properly.
What is Radioactivity
Radio-activity is feature of some unstable atomic nucleus that emits radiations spontaneously. These unstable nuclei do so in order to achieve a stable configuration. Hence they emit some energy in form of radiations. Ability of these nuclei to emit radiations spontaneously is referred to as nuclear decay. Say for example, an atomic nucleus has too many neutrons. These excess neutrons make this nucleus unstable.
Hence this nucleus emits a negatively charged beta particle and thereby converting one neutron into proton. Likewise an atom with excess protons emit positron and thereby converts one proton into neutron. Hence the atom gets rid of excess subatomic particles by emitting radiations. The whole process is referred to as nuclear decay.Is this topic Equation for Kinetic Energy hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Radioactivity Definition
Nuclear decay is a physical process defined as ability of atoms to emit radiations spontaneously.
Who Discovered Radioactivity
H. Becquerel discovered radioactive decay during his studies on properties of X-rays. He demonstrated that atoms of Uranium have ability to emit radiations spontaneously without any external energy source.
Later M. Curie and her husband Pierre coined the term “radioactivity”. They showed that ore of Uranium had more radioactive decay than the pure Uranium. This was due to the presence of other radioactive elements in the ore namely polonium and radium.
Period of a Wave
Calculate Period of a Wave
Wave period (Pd) can be calculated by using the time graph of a wave. If we have wave frequency, the wave Pd can be calculated by calculating the reciprocal of frequency. It is due to the fact that the formula for wave Pd is as below:
T= 1/f
Wave frequency is measurement of number of cycles occurring in a given time or unit time. It measures number of periodic events or vibrational cycles of a wave that occur in a unit time. By knowing the wave frequency, one can easily calculate the wave Pd using above equation.
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Define Period of a Wave
If we consider a wave as a series of alternate maxima and minima’s, wave Pd is defined as time interval between two consecutive minima or maxima of the wave. Wave Pd measures time taken by a complete cycle of a wave to pass through a particular point. Wave Pd is measured in units of time.
Equation for Period of a Wave
Wave Pd is concerned with time taken by one complete vibration cycle of a wave to pass through a particular point. It is expressed by following equation:
Wave period= 1/ frequency or Frequency-1
From the above equation, one can deduce that wave Pd is related to wave frequency. Hence with increasing speed of wave, wave period decreases as it takes lesser time to pass through the reference point.
Unit of wave period is second/cycle.
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What is Wave Period
As we know that wave is the form of energy that has ability to travel from one point to other. Hence it is basically the disturbance from resting state. The wave is produced by repeating vibrations in the medium. For example if we talk about a rope that is being hold at two ends and is made to move in spiral motion. Here we produce repeated vibrations in the rope and the wave is produced. Wave Pd is concerned with time taken by a particle to complete one vibrational cycle. In case of wave, vibrations are repeatedly produced i.e. it is a periodic event. Hence wave Pd measures time taken to complete one cycle. It is a time quantity and hence it measured in units of time. The units of wave Pd are second/cycle or hrs/cycle or min/cycle. Wave Pd is symbolised by “T” and is calculated by using following formula:
T=1/f
Here
T= wave Pd
f= frequency
Wave period (Pd) can be calculated by using the time graph of a wave. If we have wave frequency, the wave Pd can be calculated by calculating the reciprocal of frequency. It is due to the fact that the formula for wave Pd is as below:
T= 1/f
Wave frequency is measurement of number of cycles occurring in a given time or unit time. It measures number of periodic events or vibrational cycles of a wave that occur in a unit time. By knowing the wave frequency, one can easily calculate the wave Pd using above equation.
I like to share this Transverse Waves and Longitudinal Waves with you all through my article.
Define Period of a Wave
If we consider a wave as a series of alternate maxima and minima’s, wave Pd is defined as time interval between two consecutive minima or maxima of the wave. Wave Pd measures time taken by a complete cycle of a wave to pass through a particular point. Wave Pd is measured in units of time.
Equation for Period of a Wave
Wave Pd is concerned with time taken by one complete vibration cycle of a wave to pass through a particular point. It is expressed by following equation:
Wave period= 1/ frequency or Frequency-1
From the above equation, one can deduce that wave Pd is related to wave frequency. Hence with increasing speed of wave, wave period decreases as it takes lesser time to pass through the reference point.
Unit of wave period is second/cycle.
Please express your views of this topic wavelength equation by commenting on blog.
What is Wave Period
As we know that wave is the form of energy that has ability to travel from one point to other. Hence it is basically the disturbance from resting state. The wave is produced by repeating vibrations in the medium. For example if we talk about a rope that is being hold at two ends and is made to move in spiral motion. Here we produce repeated vibrations in the rope and the wave is produced. Wave Pd is concerned with time taken by a particle to complete one vibrational cycle. In case of wave, vibrations are repeatedly produced i.e. it is a periodic event. Hence wave Pd measures time taken to complete one cycle. It is a time quantity and hence it measured in units of time. The units of wave Pd are second/cycle or hrs/cycle or min/cycle. Wave Pd is symbolised by “T” and is calculated by using following formula:
T=1/f
Here
T= wave Pd
f= frequency
Wednesday, April 10, 2013
Types of Digital Modulation
Introduction:
In digital modulation, an analog signal of carrier is converted by a digital data bit stream. Digital modulation method is use to convert digital signal to analog and the responding demodulating is applied to convert analog signal to digital signal. This method of changing the carrier signal in according to the message signal. Here, we see about its types.
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Types of Digital modulation:
Let us see about types are methods used in digital modulation,
Phase-shift keying
Frequency-shift keying
Amplitude-shift keying
Multiple frequency-shift keying
On-off keying
Phase-shift keying (PSK):
It is one of the is a digital modulation types process which is used to transfer data signal by changing or converting the phase of an indication signal this wave is known as the carrier wave.
It is used for limited number of phases, every assigned an exclusive set of digits which is should be binary.
Frequently, every phase encodes an equivalent number of bits. Every pattern of bits creates the symbol that is denoted by the particular phase.
The demodulator, which is reassigned particularly for the symbol that set is used by the modulator, find out the phase of the received signal and maps it return to the symbol it denoted, thus getting the original data.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK):
It is a frequency modulation process in that digital message is transmitted during distinct frequency varying of a carrier wave.
The simplest FSK is well-known as binary FSK (0s and 1s).
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK);
These types are a pattern of modulation which denotes digital data as changes at the amplitude of a carrier wave at that time frequency and phase as constant.
The stage of amplitude used to symbolize binary reason 0s and 1s.
A carrier signal acting as ON or OFF switch.
In the output signal, logic 0 is noted by the non-appearance of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying action and there-fore the name specified.
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Multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK):
These types are difference of frequency-shift keying (FSK) which is used for more than two frequencies.
MFSK is a shape of M-ary orthogonal modulation.
On-off keying (OOK):
These types are one of form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave.
The attendance of a carrier for an explicit period represents a binary one, while its non-attendance for the similar duration noted a binary zero.
In digital modulation, an analog signal of carrier is converted by a digital data bit stream. Digital modulation method is use to convert digital signal to analog and the responding demodulating is applied to convert analog signal to digital signal. This method of changing the carrier signal in according to the message signal. Here, we see about its types.
I like to share this unit vector equation with you all through my article.
Types of Digital modulation:
Let us see about types are methods used in digital modulation,
Phase-shift keying
Frequency-shift keying
Amplitude-shift keying
Multiple frequency-shift keying
On-off keying
Phase-shift keying (PSK):
It is one of the is a digital modulation types process which is used to transfer data signal by changing or converting the phase of an indication signal this wave is known as the carrier wave.
It is used for limited number of phases, every assigned an exclusive set of digits which is should be binary.
Frequently, every phase encodes an equivalent number of bits. Every pattern of bits creates the symbol that is denoted by the particular phase.
The demodulator, which is reassigned particularly for the symbol that set is used by the modulator, find out the phase of the received signal and maps it return to the symbol it denoted, thus getting the original data.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK):
It is a frequency modulation process in that digital message is transmitted during distinct frequency varying of a carrier wave.
The simplest FSK is well-known as binary FSK (0s and 1s).
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK);
These types are a pattern of modulation which denotes digital data as changes at the amplitude of a carrier wave at that time frequency and phase as constant.
The stage of amplitude used to symbolize binary reason 0s and 1s.
A carrier signal acting as ON or OFF switch.
In the output signal, logic 0 is noted by the non-appearance of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying action and there-fore the name specified.
Having problem with Conservation of Linear Momentum keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK):
These types are difference of frequency-shift keying (FSK) which is used for more than two frequencies.
MFSK is a shape of M-ary orthogonal modulation.
On-off keying (OOK):
These types are one of form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave.
The attendance of a carrier for an explicit period represents a binary one, while its non-attendance for the similar duration noted a binary zero.
What is the Resistance of the Light Bulb
Introduction to what is the resistance of light bulb
Thomas Edison invented light bulb. The light bulb invented by Edison has high vacuum, high resistance and economic source of light energy. The light bulb works on the heating effect of electricity. As an electric current pass through the filament of the light bulb, the filament gets heated so that it produces light energy. The glass bulb contains vacuum or any inert gas to prevent the oxidation of the red-hot filament. The light bulb is made in wide range of sizes and voltages ranging from 1.5 volt upto 500 Volt. The light bulb has a low manufacturing cost and work on both alternating current and direct current. The light bulb is used in household purposes, commercial purposes, table lamps, headlamps, flashlights and for decorative purposes. Some heat-based applications of light bulbs are as use in brooding boxes in poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating, and toy oven etc.
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Description for the resistance of light bulb
The resistance of light bulb is calculated by using Ohm’s Law. First we prepare the arrangement of a bulb with a source of potential difference or a battery , a voltmeter, a ammeter, a voltage regulator and connecting wires. Now pass the current through the bulb with the help of the source of potential difference and measure the reading of voltmeter and ammeter. Change the potential difference by the voltage regulator and find the 4 readings of voltmeter and ammeter. Now for every reading find the ratio of V is to I, we get the resistance of the bulb. If we plot the graph between the potential difference and the current we get the straight line, shows that the resistance of the bulb remains constant at constant temperature. We can find the resistance of the bulb by using the wattage of the bulb, this is the maximum resistance of the bulb.
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Example Based on the resistance of the light bulb
An electric bulb has the wattage of 220 V – 100 W. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
We know that the power P = V^2/R
So R = V^2/P = 220 × 220 / 100= 484 ohm.
Thomas Edison invented light bulb. The light bulb invented by Edison has high vacuum, high resistance and economic source of light energy. The light bulb works on the heating effect of electricity. As an electric current pass through the filament of the light bulb, the filament gets heated so that it produces light energy. The glass bulb contains vacuum or any inert gas to prevent the oxidation of the red-hot filament. The light bulb is made in wide range of sizes and voltages ranging from 1.5 volt upto 500 Volt. The light bulb has a low manufacturing cost and work on both alternating current and direct current. The light bulb is used in household purposes, commercial purposes, table lamps, headlamps, flashlights and for decorative purposes. Some heat-based applications of light bulbs are as use in brooding boxes in poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating, and toy oven etc.
Please express your views of this topic Force of Static Friction Formula by commenting on blog.
Description for the resistance of light bulb
The resistance of light bulb is calculated by using Ohm’s Law. First we prepare the arrangement of a bulb with a source of potential difference or a battery , a voltmeter, a ammeter, a voltage regulator and connecting wires. Now pass the current through the bulb with the help of the source of potential difference and measure the reading of voltmeter and ammeter. Change the potential difference by the voltage regulator and find the 4 readings of voltmeter and ammeter. Now for every reading find the ratio of V is to I, we get the resistance of the bulb. If we plot the graph between the potential difference and the current we get the straight line, shows that the resistance of the bulb remains constant at constant temperature. We can find the resistance of the bulb by using the wattage of the bulb, this is the maximum resistance of the bulb.
Is this topic Definition of Atomic Radius hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Example Based on the resistance of the light bulb
An electric bulb has the wattage of 220 V – 100 W. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
We know that the power P = V^2/R
So R = V^2/P = 220 × 220 / 100= 484 ohm.
Illustrator Vector Tutorial
Introduction to Illustrator Vector Tutorial:
Illustrator vector tutorial is nothing but a kind of program which enables one to understand the vector and the use of vector in making the different physical objects. The various illustrator vector tutorials are given below.
I like to share this unit vector equation with you all through my article.
Illustrator Vector Tutorial
Create the Bright snowboard of Vector which is a kind of Design in the Illustrator vector tutorial. In this the Illustrator vector tutorial is followed to create the cool and best snowboard illustration. The design of the building of the vector illustrator tutorial suggested that the design possesses the array of bright shapes which consists of the trendy lines and hence the patterns produce the bright and the funky vector composition.
An Elegant Patterned Vector Owl is also created using the Illustrator which includes the step by step Illustration of the vector tutorial and hence created the stylized vector owl illustration which is of the simple shapes and simple patterns. In this we starts with the basic shapes and got the final owl shape and this all is done using the vector tutorial illustrator which is the essential component to know the vector and hence to make the general life object like the owl.
Creation of the Mercedes Logo. All the work is done using the vector illustrator like the work as to make the logo of any company and any vehicle. In making the logo of a vehicle like the car we use the grid tool and the ellipse tool of the illustrator tutorial and hence make the logo easily of any shape and of any company.
Creating Vector Landscape. The landscape like the general world things are also made using the vector illustrator. In making the landscape the main tool used is the Pen Tool which aerates the landscape of any shape as we want. There are several vector tutorials are available in the market the most commonly used is the Adobe Illustrator vector tutorial.Figure below shows the vector landscape made using the adobe vector tutorial illustrator.
Having problem with Electron Spin Resonance keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion for the vector tutorial related to illustrator
From the discussion made above, we can conclude the use of this particular application software in creating various models and graphics that help us in making any content more innovative and easy to understand.
Illustrator vector tutorial is nothing but a kind of program which enables one to understand the vector and the use of vector in making the different physical objects. The various illustrator vector tutorials are given below.
I like to share this unit vector equation with you all through my article.
Illustrator Vector Tutorial
Create the Bright snowboard of Vector which is a kind of Design in the Illustrator vector tutorial. In this the Illustrator vector tutorial is followed to create the cool and best snowboard illustration. The design of the building of the vector illustrator tutorial suggested that the design possesses the array of bright shapes which consists of the trendy lines and hence the patterns produce the bright and the funky vector composition.
An Elegant Patterned Vector Owl is also created using the Illustrator which includes the step by step Illustration of the vector tutorial and hence created the stylized vector owl illustration which is of the simple shapes and simple patterns. In this we starts with the basic shapes and got the final owl shape and this all is done using the vector tutorial illustrator which is the essential component to know the vector and hence to make the general life object like the owl.
Creation of the Mercedes Logo. All the work is done using the vector illustrator like the work as to make the logo of any company and any vehicle. In making the logo of a vehicle like the car we use the grid tool and the ellipse tool of the illustrator tutorial and hence make the logo easily of any shape and of any company.
Creating Vector Landscape. The landscape like the general world things are also made using the vector illustrator. In making the landscape the main tool used is the Pen Tool which aerates the landscape of any shape as we want. There are several vector tutorials are available in the market the most commonly used is the Adobe Illustrator vector tutorial.Figure below shows the vector landscape made using the adobe vector tutorial illustrator.
Having problem with Electron Spin Resonance keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion for the vector tutorial related to illustrator
From the discussion made above, we can conclude the use of this particular application software in creating various models and graphics that help us in making any content more innovative and easy to understand.
How Does Friction Work
Introduction on how does friction work
Friction, simply put, is an opposing force. Whenever there is some motion, there is a force that opposes that motion; acts against that motion. Thus, motion and friction are two physical forces that reside together. The cause of friction is the lack of complete smoothness between two surfaces. There cannot be two surfaces that are so smooth that zero friction force will exist in between them. This is due to the nature of matter itself; wherever there is interaction between two surfaces, there will be friction between them.
Zero friction can only exist in space, and specifically in vacuum, where there is no matter to offer friction. Thus, friction is an opposing force resulting from the interaction of two or more surfaces, and in the absence of matter, that is, in complete vacuum, there will exist no friction because there will be no matter to make interaction with an object.
Please express your views of this topic Calculating Average Atomic Mass by commenting on blog.
Explanation of how does friction work
There are two cause that cause friction between any two given surfaces. They are
Roughness of the surfaces of the bodies in contact
Even the smoothest surfaces, when observed under a microscope, will show lumps and scratches on their surfaces. When a body slides or rolls over another body, these lumps and scratches present on their surfaces interlock with each other, and thus give rise to a force that opposes the state of motion of the bodies.
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Explanation of how does friction work
Mutual attraction between molecules
The force of attraction present between molecules of different surfaces is called adhesive force. When two surfaces are in contact, the atoms and molecules of these surfaces adhere to each other at certain points thus creating an opposing force to the motion of either body.
Friction, simply put, is an opposing force. Whenever there is some motion, there is a force that opposes that motion; acts against that motion. Thus, motion and friction are two physical forces that reside together. The cause of friction is the lack of complete smoothness between two surfaces. There cannot be two surfaces that are so smooth that zero friction force will exist in between them. This is due to the nature of matter itself; wherever there is interaction between two surfaces, there will be friction between them.
Zero friction can only exist in space, and specifically in vacuum, where there is no matter to offer friction. Thus, friction is an opposing force resulting from the interaction of two or more surfaces, and in the absence of matter, that is, in complete vacuum, there will exist no friction because there will be no matter to make interaction with an object.
Please express your views of this topic Calculating Average Atomic Mass by commenting on blog.
Explanation of how does friction work
There are two cause that cause friction between any two given surfaces. They are
Roughness of the surfaces of the bodies in contact
Even the smoothest surfaces, when observed under a microscope, will show lumps and scratches on their surfaces. When a body slides or rolls over another body, these lumps and scratches present on their surfaces interlock with each other, and thus give rise to a force that opposes the state of motion of the bodies.
Having problem with Free Fall Physics Problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Explanation of how does friction work
Mutual attraction between molecules
The force of attraction present between molecules of different surfaces is called adhesive force. When two surfaces are in contact, the atoms and molecules of these surfaces adhere to each other at certain points thus creating an opposing force to the motion of either body.
Thursday, April 4, 2013
Photo Conductive Cell
Introduction to photo conductive cells:
Photo conductive means that it operates on light energy. The photo resistor is also made to work as the photo conductive cells. The resistivity of the photo resistor changes as the illumination of the incident light changes. This effect is called the photoconductivity effect. They are also called the light dependent resistors (LDR). Let us discuss the photo conductive cells.
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Need for Photo conductive cells
The photo conductive cells are the devices, which are used for detecting and measuring the electromagnetic radiations. It is based on the principle that the conductivity of the photo conductive cell changes as the wavelength or the frequency of the incident light changes. The photo conductive cell has two terminals, which are connected to a very thin coating of the photo conductive material.
Examples of Photo conductive cells
The main examples of the photo conductive material are Cadmium Sulphide (CdS), Cadmium Selenide (CdSe), Lead Selenide, Lead Telluride and Indianoid. The coatings of the photo conductive materials contains some impurities like antimony, Indium nitrate etc, for improve the efficiency of the photo conductive cell. The conductivity of the photo conductive cell is directly proportional to the concentration of the charge carriers present in the photo conductive material. As the light energy falls on the photo conductive cell, the covalent bonds of the semiconductor breaks and then create the electron hole pair. Due to this, the current carriers decrease the resistance of the material. In the absence of light, the resistance of the photo conductive cell is maximum. This current is called the dark current and the resistance corresponding to this current is called dark resistance. The dark resistance may be as high as few under mega ohms. Is this topic Equation of Work hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for the photo conductive cells
The light sources are placed one by one (decreasing order of wattage) at the fixed distance from the LDR. The ammeter readings are taken in each case. This is repeated and another set of reading obtained by varying resistance in the box. Keeping the distance and the bulb used the same; various color filters are held before the source. When exposed to, light the resistance of the photo resistor decreases and a large current called joint current flows through it.
Photo conductive means that it operates on light energy. The photo resistor is also made to work as the photo conductive cells. The resistivity of the photo resistor changes as the illumination of the incident light changes. This effect is called the photoconductivity effect. They are also called the light dependent resistors (LDR). Let us discuss the photo conductive cells.
Please express your views of this topic Ammeter Definition by commenting on blog.
Need for Photo conductive cells
The photo conductive cells are the devices, which are used for detecting and measuring the electromagnetic radiations. It is based on the principle that the conductivity of the photo conductive cell changes as the wavelength or the frequency of the incident light changes. The photo conductive cell has two terminals, which are connected to a very thin coating of the photo conductive material.
Examples of Photo conductive cells
The main examples of the photo conductive material are Cadmium Sulphide (CdS), Cadmium Selenide (CdSe), Lead Selenide, Lead Telluride and Indianoid. The coatings of the photo conductive materials contains some impurities like antimony, Indium nitrate etc, for improve the efficiency of the photo conductive cell. The conductivity of the photo conductive cell is directly proportional to the concentration of the charge carriers present in the photo conductive material. As the light energy falls on the photo conductive cell, the covalent bonds of the semiconductor breaks and then create the electron hole pair. Due to this, the current carriers decrease the resistance of the material. In the absence of light, the resistance of the photo conductive cell is maximum. This current is called the dark current and the resistance corresponding to this current is called dark resistance. The dark resistance may be as high as few under mega ohms. Is this topic Equation of Work hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for the photo conductive cells
The light sources are placed one by one (decreasing order of wattage) at the fixed distance from the LDR. The ammeter readings are taken in each case. This is repeated and another set of reading obtained by varying resistance in the box. Keeping the distance and the bulb used the same; various color filters are held before the source. When exposed to, light the resistance of the photo resistor decreases and a large current called joint current flows through it.
Renewable Energy Types
Introduction to renewable energy types:
We are dependent upon different sources of energy in one way or the other, directly for our energy requirements. Energy is a vital requirement for economic development. Increasing amounts of energy are needed to improve agricultural production, to turn the wheels of industry, to provide goods and services throughout the nation an to improve the quality of life of our people.
The energy sources that can be replenished , when once they are used up, are called renewable energy sources.
Ex : Solar energy , wind energy , water - power and bio - mass energy.
I like to share this Definition for Kinetic Energy with you all through my article.
Solar energy : renewable energy types
Solar energy : The SUN is the most direct and bountiful source of energy. It powers the flow of wind and water cycles on the earth's surface and sustains all life on the planet. Plants, which are Nature's Green factories, use this energy to make their food. This food provides sustenance to man and other animals on earth. Without sunlight, the earth would be a cold and dead planet. Energy radiated by the sun is free, non - polluting and limitless. The problem is to collect, use and store this energy efficiently and economically. Let us see Different types of Renewable Energy sources
Different types of Renewable Energy sources
Water Power : Running water is a source of renewable energy . This is freely available and does not pollute the environment. Water stored in dams is used to generate electricity. These Hydal Power stations are able to meet only 6% of world's energy requirements.
Tidal Energy : Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy. The daily rise and fall of the tides can be used to drive turbines for generating turbines for generating electricity. Tidal energy will prove to be a good and valuable source of energy in all the coastal areas of the world in the near future.
Bio-gas : Bio-gas, is a renewable source of energy . It is produced mainly from cow dung , sewage, crop residues, vegetable wastes, water hyacinth, poultry droppings, pig manure, etc. The material contained in the bodies of plants and animals is called Biomass . When organisms die their bio-mass can be used as fuel for domestic purposes. Animal and plant wastes are easily degraded by anaerobic micro- organisms in the presence of water, producing gases such as methane , carbon dioxide , hydrogen , hydrogen sulphide. This mixture of gases is called Bio-gas. It contains about 65% of methane which is an excellent fuel. It can be utilised for cooking, lighting and generation of electricity for use in agriculture and rural industry.
Having problem with The Problems of Work keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Geothermal Energy : The interior of earth is hot. Water seeping down deep into the earth is turned into steam and this can be supplied to homes for heating purposes and for generating electricity. Electricity produced in this way costs less than electricity from other sources.
Wind Energy : Wind is the motion of air. It is caused by differences in temperature and pressure in adjacent locations. The larger the pressure differences, the stronger will be the winds. Wind mills extract the kinetic energy, and convert it into useful electric power. Wind energy is in use since a long time and newer wind machines are being developed. Wind generators could be used in places that have fairly strong and fairly constant flow of winds. Sail-type wind mills and metal-vane windmills are being installed at several locations in our country. This is a pollution free, renewable source of energy.
We are dependent upon different sources of energy in one way or the other, directly for our energy requirements. Energy is a vital requirement for economic development. Increasing amounts of energy are needed to improve agricultural production, to turn the wheels of industry, to provide goods and services throughout the nation an to improve the quality of life of our people.
The energy sources that can be replenished , when once they are used up, are called renewable energy sources.
Ex : Solar energy , wind energy , water - power and bio - mass energy.
I like to share this Definition for Kinetic Energy with you all through my article.
Solar energy : renewable energy types
Solar energy : The SUN is the most direct and bountiful source of energy. It powers the flow of wind and water cycles on the earth's surface and sustains all life on the planet. Plants, which are Nature's Green factories, use this energy to make their food. This food provides sustenance to man and other animals on earth. Without sunlight, the earth would be a cold and dead planet. Energy radiated by the sun is free, non - polluting and limitless. The problem is to collect, use and store this energy efficiently and economically. Let us see Different types of Renewable Energy sources
Different types of Renewable Energy sources
Water Power : Running water is a source of renewable energy . This is freely available and does not pollute the environment. Water stored in dams is used to generate electricity. These Hydal Power stations are able to meet only 6% of world's energy requirements.
Tidal Energy : Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy. The daily rise and fall of the tides can be used to drive turbines for generating turbines for generating electricity. Tidal energy will prove to be a good and valuable source of energy in all the coastal areas of the world in the near future.
Bio-gas : Bio-gas, is a renewable source of energy . It is produced mainly from cow dung , sewage, crop residues, vegetable wastes, water hyacinth, poultry droppings, pig manure, etc. The material contained in the bodies of plants and animals is called Biomass . When organisms die their bio-mass can be used as fuel for domestic purposes. Animal and plant wastes are easily degraded by anaerobic micro- organisms in the presence of water, producing gases such as methane , carbon dioxide , hydrogen , hydrogen sulphide. This mixture of gases is called Bio-gas. It contains about 65% of methane which is an excellent fuel. It can be utilised for cooking, lighting and generation of electricity for use in agriculture and rural industry.
Having problem with The Problems of Work keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Geothermal Energy : The interior of earth is hot. Water seeping down deep into the earth is turned into steam and this can be supplied to homes for heating purposes and for generating electricity. Electricity produced in this way costs less than electricity from other sources.
Wind Energy : Wind is the motion of air. It is caused by differences in temperature and pressure in adjacent locations. The larger the pressure differences, the stronger will be the winds. Wind mills extract the kinetic energy, and convert it into useful electric power. Wind energy is in use since a long time and newer wind machines are being developed. Wind generators could be used in places that have fairly strong and fairly constant flow of winds. Sail-type wind mills and metal-vane windmills are being installed at several locations in our country. This is a pollution free, renewable source of energy.
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