Introduction to makes up the atmosphere:
The atmosphere is the layer of gases, which surrounds the earth containing air mixed with the water vapor. In beginning, the earth was much bigger and much cooler with no atmosphere, but later as the earth, started contracting and it became smaller and warmer after the process of differentiation. During this phase gases like water vapor, hydrogen, helium, methane and ammonia were liberated which form the atmosphere. Gradually gases lighter than water like hydrogen and helium were formed. Free oxygen came into the atmosphere, with the evolution of autotrophs from heterotrophs. Here we discuss how the atmosphere of earth makes up.
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What makes up the atmosphere?
Atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide and 0.07% of other gases. The percentage of water vapor in the atmosphere is variable. There are different layers in the atmosphere, let us know them:
Thermosphere: In this layer of the atmosphere, temperature increases until they approach 2000°F or 1090°C at noon. The air is even thinner at this altitude than it is in the upper atmosphere. In fact, there is practically a vacuum so that little heat can be conducted. It was once called the ionosphere because of ionization of molecules and atoms that occurs in this layer, mostly because of ultra violet, but also X rays and gamma rays. Ionization refers to the process whereby atoms are changed to ions through the removal or addition of electrons, giving them an electrical charge.
Mesosphere: Right below thermosphere lies Mesosphere. In this layer of the atmosphere, temperature tends to drop with the increase in the altitude.
Stratosphere: Just below Mesosphere lies Stratosphere. This is one of the main layers and the temperature here is stratified which means that the cool layers are below the warm ones.
Troposphere: This layer is the lowest one of all and contains maximum water vapour. This layer constitutes the most of atmosphere's mass which is upto 75%.
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Conclusion for the constituents of atmosphere:
From the above discussion, we can conclude that air is essential for the survival of life. Air contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, argon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, ozone, carbon mono oxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc. Oxygen of the atmosphere is essential for photosynthesis. Nitrogen is also present in the atmosphere, which is taken by the some plants directly. Nitrogen is also used for the production of ammonia, which is used for making the fertilizers.
Friday, May 31, 2013
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Introduction to photovoltaic solar cells
The first practical photovoltaic solar cell was made by selenium in 1954. This photovoltaic solar cell could convert only 1% of solar energy into electricity. Now these days, solar cells are usually produced from the semiconductor materials, such as silicon and gallium. Semiconductors are the materials, which do not allow to pass electricity at the normal conditions. The conductivity of the semiconductors increases appreciably if certain types of impurities are added. This addition of impurities is called doping.
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Photovoltaic Solar cell
A device, which converts sunlight directly into electricity, is called a solar cell. The semiconducting material to which a small quantity of a specific impurity is added is called doped semiconductor material. For example, when a small quantity of arsenic is added to ultrapure silicon, the silicon so obtained is termed as doped silicon. The conductivity of such semiconductor materials increases when light falls on them and a potential difference is developed between the two points in the semiconductor material. This cause a flow of a electric current. A single silicon solar cell of about 4 squared centimeter develops a potential difference of about 0.5 volt at 60 milliampere current. Due to this reason the solar cell is also called as photovoltaic cell. A single solar cell produces very small current at a small potential difference. So, in practice, we use a large number of solar cells connected together. This combination of a large number of solar cells is called a solar cell panel. A solar cell panel can provide stronger currents under high potential difference. Photovoltaic solar cells gained much importance in the last few decades due to the following reasons:
(i) The fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum etc are depleting very fastly, whereas the photovoltaic solar cells are renewable sources of energy.
(ii) Combustion of fossil fuels produce high air pollution and leads to green house effect whereas photovoltaic solar cells does not produce any type of pollution.
(iii) It is an energy source that is inexpensive.
(iv) These are used in remote areas very easily.
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Uses of Photovoltaic Solar Cells
(i) Photovoltaic solar cells are used in street lighting in rural areas.
(ii) Photovoltaic solar cells are used for operating water pumps for domestic and agricultural purposes.
(iii) Photovoltaic solar cells are used in satellites.
(iv) Photovoltaic solar cells are used to operate TV and other electrical appliances in our daily life.
The first practical photovoltaic solar cell was made by selenium in 1954. This photovoltaic solar cell could convert only 1% of solar energy into electricity. Now these days, solar cells are usually produced from the semiconductor materials, such as silicon and gallium. Semiconductors are the materials, which do not allow to pass electricity at the normal conditions. The conductivity of the semiconductors increases appreciably if certain types of impurities are added. This addition of impurities is called doping.
Please express your views of this topic Definition of Strain by commenting on blog.
Photovoltaic Solar cell
A device, which converts sunlight directly into electricity, is called a solar cell. The semiconducting material to which a small quantity of a specific impurity is added is called doped semiconductor material. For example, when a small quantity of arsenic is added to ultrapure silicon, the silicon so obtained is termed as doped silicon. The conductivity of such semiconductor materials increases when light falls on them and a potential difference is developed between the two points in the semiconductor material. This cause a flow of a electric current. A single silicon solar cell of about 4 squared centimeter develops a potential difference of about 0.5 volt at 60 milliampere current. Due to this reason the solar cell is also called as photovoltaic cell. A single solar cell produces very small current at a small potential difference. So, in practice, we use a large number of solar cells connected together. This combination of a large number of solar cells is called a solar cell panel. A solar cell panel can provide stronger currents under high potential difference. Photovoltaic solar cells gained much importance in the last few decades due to the following reasons:
(i) The fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum etc are depleting very fastly, whereas the photovoltaic solar cells are renewable sources of energy.
(ii) Combustion of fossil fuels produce high air pollution and leads to green house effect whereas photovoltaic solar cells does not produce any type of pollution.
(iii) It is an energy source that is inexpensive.
(iv) These are used in remote areas very easily.
Is this topic Force Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Uses of Photovoltaic Solar Cells
(i) Photovoltaic solar cells are used in street lighting in rural areas.
(ii) Photovoltaic solar cells are used for operating water pumps for domestic and agricultural purposes.
(iii) Photovoltaic solar cells are used in satellites.
(iv) Photovoltaic solar cells are used to operate TV and other electrical appliances in our daily life.
Transformer Output Voltage
Introduction to transformer output voltage:
A transformer is a device, which can convert high alternating voltage into low alternating voltage and low alternating voltage into high alternating voltage. The transformer is based on the phenomenon of the mutual induction. If the transformer converts, the high alternating voltage into low alternating voltage it is called the step down transformer and if it converts the low alternating voltage into high alternating voltage it is called the step up transformer.I like to share this Formula of Density with you all through my article.
Construction of Transformer output voltage :
A simple transformer consists of the two coils called primary coil and the other is called the secondary coil. In one of the coil the number of turns of thick, insulated copper wire is less as compared to the other. If the primary coil has more number of turns it behaves like a step down transformer and if the secondary coil has more number of turns it behaves like a step up transformer. If the numbers of turns in the primary coil are Np and the number of turns in the secondary coil are Ns. Let the input voltage is Ep and the output voltage is Es. According to the energy conservation, we get
Ep / Np = Es / Ns = k ( K is called the transformation ratio)
Here we get the output voltage Ep = Es Np / Ns
If Ns < Np then the output voltage is more than the input voltage and the transformer is step up.
If Ns > Np then output voltage is less than input voltage and the transformer is step down.
As the voltage is stepped up or stepped down the current is also reduced or increased in the same ratio.
Understanding Force Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Example for the transformer output voltage :
The ratio of the number of turns in the primary and the secondary coil of a step up transformer is 1: 200. It is connected to ac mains of 200 V. Calculate the voltage developed in the secondary coil.
Solution
Here, Np / Ns = 1 / 200, Ep = 200 V
Es / Ep = Ns / Np
Es / 200 = 200 / 1
Es = 40000 Volt.
A transformer is a device, which can convert high alternating voltage into low alternating voltage and low alternating voltage into high alternating voltage. The transformer is based on the phenomenon of the mutual induction. If the transformer converts, the high alternating voltage into low alternating voltage it is called the step down transformer and if it converts the low alternating voltage into high alternating voltage it is called the step up transformer.I like to share this Formula of Density with you all through my article.
Construction of Transformer output voltage :
A simple transformer consists of the two coils called primary coil and the other is called the secondary coil. In one of the coil the number of turns of thick, insulated copper wire is less as compared to the other. If the primary coil has more number of turns it behaves like a step down transformer and if the secondary coil has more number of turns it behaves like a step up transformer. If the numbers of turns in the primary coil are Np and the number of turns in the secondary coil are Ns. Let the input voltage is Ep and the output voltage is Es. According to the energy conservation, we get
Ep / Np = Es / Ns = k ( K is called the transformation ratio)
Here we get the output voltage Ep = Es Np / Ns
If Ns < Np then the output voltage is more than the input voltage and the transformer is step up.
If Ns > Np then output voltage is less than input voltage and the transformer is step down.
As the voltage is stepped up or stepped down the current is also reduced or increased in the same ratio.
Understanding Force Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Example for the transformer output voltage :
The ratio of the number of turns in the primary and the secondary coil of a step up transformer is 1: 200. It is connected to ac mains of 200 V. Calculate the voltage developed in the secondary coil.
Solution
Here, Np / Ns = 1 / 200, Ep = 200 V
Es / Ep = Ns / Np
Es / 200 = 200 / 1
Es = 40000 Volt.
Wave Model of Light
Introduction to wave model of light
Up to the middle of the 17th century, it was believed that light consisted of stream of corpuscles, emitting by the light source and travelled outwards from the source in straight lines. This theory is known as the Newton’s corpuscular theory. However, after 1827, the experiments of Young and Fresnel on interference, and the measurement of the velocity of light in liquids by the Foucault demonstrated phenomena, which could not be correctly explained by corpuscles theory but could be explained by the wave theory of light.
Huygens wave theory of light
In 1678, Huygens proposed the wave theory of light. According to this wave theory, light travels in the form of waves. These waves after emerging from the light source travel in all directions with the velocity of light. As the wave requires the medium to travel, Huygens imagined an all-pervading medium called aluminiferous ether. It was assumed that the hypothetical medium is weightless and can penetrate through matter. It has all properties necessary for the propagation of light waves. Hence, it was assumed that the density of ether is very small and the elasticity is very large. Light waves travel in such a hypothetical medium. When these waves fall upon the retina of the eye, they cause the sensation of sight. Huygens proposed the geometrical construction to explain the propagation of a wave front in the medium and determined the position of the wave front after any interval of time. They are known as the Huygen’s principle.
Conclusion of Huygeng’s wave theory of light
Every particle of the medium situated on the wave front acts as a new wave source from which the fresh waves originate. These waves are called the secondary wavelets.
The secondary wavelets travel in the medium in all directions with the speed of the original wave in the medium.
The envelope of the secondary wavelets in the forward direction at any instant gives the new wave front at that instant.
Up to the middle of the 17th century, it was believed that light consisted of stream of corpuscles, emitting by the light source and travelled outwards from the source in straight lines. This theory is known as the Newton’s corpuscular theory. However, after 1827, the experiments of Young and Fresnel on interference, and the measurement of the velocity of light in liquids by the Foucault demonstrated phenomena, which could not be correctly explained by corpuscles theory but could be explained by the wave theory of light.
Huygens wave theory of light
In 1678, Huygens proposed the wave theory of light. According to this wave theory, light travels in the form of waves. These waves after emerging from the light source travel in all directions with the velocity of light. As the wave requires the medium to travel, Huygens imagined an all-pervading medium called aluminiferous ether. It was assumed that the hypothetical medium is weightless and can penetrate through matter. It has all properties necessary for the propagation of light waves. Hence, it was assumed that the density of ether is very small and the elasticity is very large. Light waves travel in such a hypothetical medium. When these waves fall upon the retina of the eye, they cause the sensation of sight. Huygens proposed the geometrical construction to explain the propagation of a wave front in the medium and determined the position of the wave front after any interval of time. They are known as the Huygen’s principle.
Conclusion of Huygeng’s wave theory of light
Every particle of the medium situated on the wave front acts as a new wave source from which the fresh waves originate. These waves are called the secondary wavelets.
The secondary wavelets travel in the medium in all directions with the speed of the original wave in the medium.
The envelope of the secondary wavelets in the forward direction at any instant gives the new wave front at that instant.
How Big Is The Sun
Introduction on the sun:
Astronomers categorize the sun as a "Yellow G2 Dwarf." It is an average, middle-aged star. Without it there would have been no life on earth though. The life on earth has arisen because of its just the right distance from the sun at just the right moment in sun’s life and in a way we are lucky to be here at the right moment in the eternity of existence of universe.Having problem with Definition of Buoyancy keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Like all stars hydrogen nuclei fuse together to form helium nuclei leading to a burst of energy, heating up and powering the Sun and this atomic reaction makes the Sun lose a tiny amount of its mass continuously. We need not feel concerned though, as there is enough fuel to last a billion years or more.
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Explanation to how big is the sun:
The sun is big, very big. It constitutes 99% of matter in the solar system – remaining 1% being taken up by the planets, comets, asteroids and moons of the solar system. It is equivalent to 330,000 times the mass of our earth. The Sun is about 1,391,980 kilometres (864,938 miles) in diameter. It is difficult to imagine as one can never see anything similar at close quarters. Compare it to our planet Earth, which is just 12,756 kilometres (7,926 miles) wide or let us take the biggest planet in the solar system, Jupiter, which is just 142,600 kilometres (88,700 miles) wide.
We can now see that the Sun is huge, but it is interesting to know that it is tiny in comparison to many other stars. A star called Betelgeuse is 0.5 billion kilometres wide and about 500 times the size of the sun! Stars tend to become bigger as they get older. Our Sun is still young and only about 4.5 billion years old, which is nearly half way through its life. It too will become bigger as it gets older and perhaps "eat up" some of the inner planets, Mercury, Venus, and possibly Earth and Mars too. Life will surely cease to exist on our planet Earth when that happens.
Astronomers categorize the sun as a "Yellow G2 Dwarf." It is an average, middle-aged star. Without it there would have been no life on earth though. The life on earth has arisen because of its just the right distance from the sun at just the right moment in sun’s life and in a way we are lucky to be here at the right moment in the eternity of existence of universe.Having problem with Definition of Buoyancy keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Like all stars hydrogen nuclei fuse together to form helium nuclei leading to a burst of energy, heating up and powering the Sun and this atomic reaction makes the Sun lose a tiny amount of its mass continuously. We need not feel concerned though, as there is enough fuel to last a billion years or more.
Please express your views of this topic Physics Formula Sheet by commenting on blog.
Explanation to how big is the sun:
The sun is big, very big. It constitutes 99% of matter in the solar system – remaining 1% being taken up by the planets, comets, asteroids and moons of the solar system. It is equivalent to 330,000 times the mass of our earth. The Sun is about 1,391,980 kilometres (864,938 miles) in diameter. It is difficult to imagine as one can never see anything similar at close quarters. Compare it to our planet Earth, which is just 12,756 kilometres (7,926 miles) wide or let us take the biggest planet in the solar system, Jupiter, which is just 142,600 kilometres (88,700 miles) wide.
We can now see that the Sun is huge, but it is interesting to know that it is tiny in comparison to many other stars. A star called Betelgeuse is 0.5 billion kilometres wide and about 500 times the size of the sun! Stars tend to become bigger as they get older. Our Sun is still young and only about 4.5 billion years old, which is nearly half way through its life. It too will become bigger as it gets older and perhaps "eat up" some of the inner planets, Mercury, Venus, and possibly Earth and Mars too. Life will surely cease to exist on our planet Earth when that happens.
Sunday, May 26, 2013
Van De Graaff Generator
Introduction to Van de Graaff generator:
Let us learn about the van de Graaff generator. Van de graaff generator produces a continuous supply of charge on a large metal dome when a rubber belt is driven by an electric motor or by hand which is show in the figure. For example pens and combs made of certain plastics become charged when rubbed on your sleeve and can then attract scraps of paper.
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Positive and Negative Charge:
When a strip of polythene is rubbed with a cloth it becomes c harged. If it is hung up ans another rubbed polythene strip is brought near, repulsion occurs. Attraction occurs when a rubbed strip of cellulose acetate approaches.
This shows there are two kinds of electric charge. That on cellulose acetate is taken as positive (+) and that on polythene is negative (-). The force between electric charges decreases as their separation increases.
Demonstrations:
Let us see the demonstration of Van de Graaff generator. In our figure a, sparks jump between the dome and the discharging sphere. Electrons flow round a complete path from the dome. In part b why does the ‘hair’ stand on end? In part c the ‘windmill’ revolves due to the reaction that arises from the ‘electric wind’ caused by the action at points effect, explained above for the lightning conductor.Is this topic Average Speed Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Action:
Let us see the action of Van de Graaff generator. Initially a positive charge is produced on the motor-driven Perspex roller due to it rubbing the belt. This induces a negative charge on the ‘comb’ of metal points P, in figure a, which are sprayed off by ‘action at points’ on to the outside of the belt and carried upwards. A positive charge is then induced in the comb of metal points Q and negative charge is repelled to the dome. This concept will clearly explained you to know about the Van de graaff generator.
Let us learn about the van de Graaff generator. Van de graaff generator produces a continuous supply of charge on a large metal dome when a rubber belt is driven by an electric motor or by hand which is show in the figure. For example pens and combs made of certain plastics become charged when rubbed on your sleeve and can then attract scraps of paper.
Having problem with Specific Heat Capacity of Ice keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Positive and Negative Charge:
When a strip of polythene is rubbed with a cloth it becomes c harged. If it is hung up ans another rubbed polythene strip is brought near, repulsion occurs. Attraction occurs when a rubbed strip of cellulose acetate approaches.
This shows there are two kinds of electric charge. That on cellulose acetate is taken as positive (+) and that on polythene is negative (-). The force between electric charges decreases as their separation increases.
Demonstrations:
Let us see the demonstration of Van de Graaff generator. In our figure a, sparks jump between the dome and the discharging sphere. Electrons flow round a complete path from the dome. In part b why does the ‘hair’ stand on end? In part c the ‘windmill’ revolves due to the reaction that arises from the ‘electric wind’ caused by the action at points effect, explained above for the lightning conductor.Is this topic Average Speed Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Action:
Let us see the action of Van de Graaff generator. Initially a positive charge is produced on the motor-driven Perspex roller due to it rubbing the belt. This induces a negative charge on the ‘comb’ of metal points P, in figure a, which are sprayed off by ‘action at points’ on to the outside of the belt and carried upwards. A positive charge is then induced in the comb of metal points Q and negative charge is repelled to the dome. This concept will clearly explained you to know about the Van de graaff generator.
Pendulum Gravity
Introduction to pendulum gravity:
Galileo achieve the experiment scheduled acceleration suitable to gravity. He illustrate that condition substance are dropped consequently because to fall freely from the similar height they achieve the plane of the earth at the same time supply the resistence obtainable by the air through this method is neglected. This demonstrate to while substance are dropped they occurrence consistent acceleration due to the gravitational magnetism of the earth towards its earth.Is this topic Gravitational Acceleration Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Gravity:
This uniform attraction qualified through an object towards center of the earth is recognized as acceleration due to gravity. It is represented by the g with is definite as the energy experienced through an object having unit mass.
The importance acceleration suitable to gravity varies from place to place, average value is 9.81ms-2. It has a maximum value at the poles and a minimum value at equator.
I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Gravity Formula, But thank to online resources of science which helped me to learn myself easily on net.
Type of pendulum gravity:
Simple pendulum gravity:
A simple pendulum is serious object resembling a bob balanced at one end of an inextensible and weights string. The further end of the string is attached to a rigid support. The point at that the string is attached is identified as point of suspension. A small metallic spherical bob attached to a thread signify a simple pendulum.
that executes harmonic motion, time period is independent of amplitude. The time period of the pendulum, T = 2p`sqrt((1)/(g))`
Where l is the length of the pendulum and g is the acceleration suitable to gravity. The length of the pendulum is measured from the position of deferment to the middle of spherical bob.
Drawback of simple pendulum gravity:
The bob of the simple pendulum is not a point object and the string is not a weights string. The string also has a moment of inertia about the suspension axis. The simple pendulum is not an ideal one.
The motion of the bob is not merely a translation one but it also rotates about the point of suspension.
Compound pendulum gravity:
A compound pendulum is rigid body capable of oscillating freely about a horizontal axis passing through it. A rigid body of any shape and internal structure capable of making oscillation about a horizontal axis constitutes a pendulum.
Galileo achieve the experiment scheduled acceleration suitable to gravity. He illustrate that condition substance are dropped consequently because to fall freely from the similar height they achieve the plane of the earth at the same time supply the resistence obtainable by the air through this method is neglected. This demonstrate to while substance are dropped they occurrence consistent acceleration due to the gravitational magnetism of the earth towards its earth.Is this topic Gravitational Acceleration Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Gravity:
This uniform attraction qualified through an object towards center of the earth is recognized as acceleration due to gravity. It is represented by the g with is definite as the energy experienced through an object having unit mass.
The importance acceleration suitable to gravity varies from place to place, average value is 9.81ms-2. It has a maximum value at the poles and a minimum value at equator.
I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Gravity Formula, But thank to online resources of science which helped me to learn myself easily on net.
Type of pendulum gravity:
Simple pendulum gravity:
A simple pendulum is serious object resembling a bob balanced at one end of an inextensible and weights string. The further end of the string is attached to a rigid support. The point at that the string is attached is identified as point of suspension. A small metallic spherical bob attached to a thread signify a simple pendulum.
that executes harmonic motion, time period is independent of amplitude. The time period of the pendulum, T = 2p`sqrt((1)/(g))`
Where l is the length of the pendulum and g is the acceleration suitable to gravity. The length of the pendulum is measured from the position of deferment to the middle of spherical bob.
Drawback of simple pendulum gravity:
The bob of the simple pendulum is not a point object and the string is not a weights string. The string also has a moment of inertia about the suspension axis. The simple pendulum is not an ideal one.
The motion of the bob is not merely a translation one but it also rotates about the point of suspension.
Compound pendulum gravity:
A compound pendulum is rigid body capable of oscillating freely about a horizontal axis passing through it. A rigid body of any shape and internal structure capable of making oscillation about a horizontal axis constitutes a pendulum.
Thermometer Calibration
Introduction to thermometer calibration:
we have read that on touching an object,if heat flows from our hand to the object,the object appears cold to us,while if heat flows from object to our hand,the object is said to be hot.but this method of finding the temperature is not reliable and not scientific.For scientific purpose,we need an accurate measurement of temperature.The instrument used for measuring the temperature is called a THERMOMETER.
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There are several types of thermometer such as liquid thermometer,platinum resistance thermometer ,thermocouple thermometer,constant volume gas thermometer,vapour pressure thermometer,magnetic thermometer and radiation thermometer.The choice of thermometer depends on the range of temperature to be measured,the accuracy required and the physical conditions of the substance of which temperature is to be measured.
Important note:The substance used in a thermometer must have some characteristic property that changes with temperature.Such a property is called the thermometric property of the working substance.
About thermometer calibration
The calibration of a thermometer involves fixing of two points on it-one lower fixed point and other upper(or higher) fixed point and then dividing the interval between the lower and upper fixed points into a convenient number of equal parts.Each part is called a degree.The fixed points are chosen in such a way that they can easily be obtained.
Lower and higher(or upper) fixed points
The melting point of pure ice at one atmospheric pressure(ice point) is taken as the lower fixed point. The boiling point of pure water at one atmospheric pressure (the steam point) is taken as the higher(or upper) fixed point.
Dividing the interval between the two fixed points
The interval between the lower and upper fixed points is divided in a suitable number of equal parts depending upon the scale of temperature.Each interval is called a degree.For the celcius(or centigrade) scale,the interval is divided in one hundred equal parts,and for the Fahrenheit scale, the interval is divided into 180 equal parts.
Is this topic Formula for Momentum hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Uses of thermometer
Thermometer is used
To measure the temperature of a liquid and
To measure the patient's body temperature.
we have read that on touching an object,if heat flows from our hand to the object,the object appears cold to us,while if heat flows from object to our hand,the object is said to be hot.but this method of finding the temperature is not reliable and not scientific.For scientific purpose,we need an accurate measurement of temperature.The instrument used for measuring the temperature is called a THERMOMETER.
Please express your views of this topic Formula for Centripetal Acceleration by commenting on blog.
There are several types of thermometer such as liquid thermometer,platinum resistance thermometer ,thermocouple thermometer,constant volume gas thermometer,vapour pressure thermometer,magnetic thermometer and radiation thermometer.The choice of thermometer depends on the range of temperature to be measured,the accuracy required and the physical conditions of the substance of which temperature is to be measured.
Important note:The substance used in a thermometer must have some characteristic property that changes with temperature.Such a property is called the thermometric property of the working substance.
About thermometer calibration
The calibration of a thermometer involves fixing of two points on it-one lower fixed point and other upper(or higher) fixed point and then dividing the interval between the lower and upper fixed points into a convenient number of equal parts.Each part is called a degree.The fixed points are chosen in such a way that they can easily be obtained.
Lower and higher(or upper) fixed points
The melting point of pure ice at one atmospheric pressure(ice point) is taken as the lower fixed point. The boiling point of pure water at one atmospheric pressure (the steam point) is taken as the higher(or upper) fixed point.
Dividing the interval between the two fixed points
The interval between the lower and upper fixed points is divided in a suitable number of equal parts depending upon the scale of temperature.Each interval is called a degree.For the celcius(or centigrade) scale,the interval is divided in one hundred equal parts,and for the Fahrenheit scale, the interval is divided into 180 equal parts.
Is this topic Formula for Momentum hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Uses of thermometer
Thermometer is used
To measure the temperature of a liquid and
To measure the patient's body temperature.
Water Based Lubricant
Lubricant is a substance which is used to reduce the friction between two moving parts .After applying the lubricants the efficiency of machines increases.The ability of lubricants to reduce the friction between the two moving objects is known as lubricity.There are some other methods by which friction can be reduced like using the Ball and bearings but using lubricants is the best option. Main use of lubricant is in the transports. All the vehicles uses lubricants for the proper functioning and longevity of the engines.
Lubricants are of various types
1)Solid lubricants
2)Oil based lubricants
3)Organic lubricants
Lubricants are also divided into the personal lubricant category. Under this category various types of lubricants are there
Water based lubricants
Silicone based lubricants
Oil based lubricants
organic lubricants
Having problem with What is a Torque Converter keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Ingredients of Water based Lubricants
Majority of the lubricants used are water based. These lubricants are mostly recommended by the doctors and the health care people. Water based lubricants are more efficient and do not damage our body and can be removed from the body very easily as compared to the oil based or other lubricants.
There are few ingredients in the water based lubricants. The knowledge of ingredients of water based lubricants can help to prevent any kind of reaction or damage. Ingredients are given below
Preservatives and antiseptics
Glycerin.
Extras: warming, scented, flavored.
Looking out for more help on convert fahrenheit to celsius formula in physics by visiting listed websites.
Advantages and disadvantages of Water based lubricants
Advantages:
1)It is safe and secure to use
2)It can be easily removed from the body
Disadvantages
1)The water content dries up fast and becomes very tacky
Lubricants are of various types
1)Solid lubricants
2)Oil based lubricants
3)Organic lubricants
Lubricants are also divided into the personal lubricant category. Under this category various types of lubricants are there
Water based lubricants
Silicone based lubricants
Oil based lubricants
organic lubricants
Having problem with What is a Torque Converter keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Ingredients of Water based Lubricants
Majority of the lubricants used are water based. These lubricants are mostly recommended by the doctors and the health care people. Water based lubricants are more efficient and do not damage our body and can be removed from the body very easily as compared to the oil based or other lubricants.
There are few ingredients in the water based lubricants. The knowledge of ingredients of water based lubricants can help to prevent any kind of reaction or damage. Ingredients are given below
Preservatives and antiseptics
Glycerin.
Extras: warming, scented, flavored.
Looking out for more help on convert fahrenheit to celsius formula in physics by visiting listed websites.
Advantages and disadvantages of Water based lubricants
Advantages:
1)It is safe and secure to use
2)It can be easily removed from the body
Disadvantages
1)The water content dries up fast and becomes very tacky
Friday, May 24, 2013
Doppler Effect Uses
Introduction to Doppler effect uses:
The whistle of a fast moving rain appears to increase in pitch as it approaches a stationary observer and it appears to decrease as the train moves away from the observer. This apparent change in frequency was first observed and explained by Doppler in 1845.
The phenomenon of the apparent change in the frequency of sound due to the relative motion between the source of sound and the observer is called Doppler effect.Understanding Kinematics Formulas is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
The apparent frequency due to Doppler effect for different cases is deduced and this is applied in the various uses of Doppler effect.
Lets discuss the various uses of Doppler effect:
(i) To measure the speed of an automobile
An electromagnetic wave is emitted by a source attached to a police care. The wave is reflected by a moving vehicle, which acts as a moving source. There is a shift in the frequency of the reflected wave. From the frequency shift using beats, the speeding vehicles are trapped by the police.
Doppler effect uses - Tracing a satellite
The frequency of radio waves emitted by a satellite decreases as the satellite passes away from the Earth. The frequency received by the Earth station, combines with a constant frequency generated in the station gives the beat frequency . Using this, a satellite is tracked.
Is this topic Moment of Inertia Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Doppler effect uses - RADAR and SONAR
RADAR means Radio detection and ranging.
A RADAR sends high frequency radio waves towards an aeroplane. The reflected waves are detected by the receiver of the radar station. The difference in frequency is used to determine the speed of an aeroplane.
SONAR means Sound navigation and ranging
Sound waves generated from a ship fitted with SONAR are transmitted in water towards an approaching submarine . The frequency of the reflected waves is measured and hence the speed of the submarine is calculated.
The whistle of a fast moving rain appears to increase in pitch as it approaches a stationary observer and it appears to decrease as the train moves away from the observer. This apparent change in frequency was first observed and explained by Doppler in 1845.
The phenomenon of the apparent change in the frequency of sound due to the relative motion between the source of sound and the observer is called Doppler effect.Understanding Kinematics Formulas is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
The apparent frequency due to Doppler effect for different cases is deduced and this is applied in the various uses of Doppler effect.
Lets discuss the various uses of Doppler effect:
(i) To measure the speed of an automobile
An electromagnetic wave is emitted by a source attached to a police care. The wave is reflected by a moving vehicle, which acts as a moving source. There is a shift in the frequency of the reflected wave. From the frequency shift using beats, the speeding vehicles are trapped by the police.
Doppler effect uses - Tracing a satellite
The frequency of radio waves emitted by a satellite decreases as the satellite passes away from the Earth. The frequency received by the Earth station, combines with a constant frequency generated in the station gives the beat frequency . Using this, a satellite is tracked.
Is this topic Moment of Inertia Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Doppler effect uses - RADAR and SONAR
RADAR means Radio detection and ranging.
A RADAR sends high frequency radio waves towards an aeroplane. The reflected waves are detected by the receiver of the radar station. The difference in frequency is used to determine the speed of an aeroplane.
SONAR means Sound navigation and ranging
Sound waves generated from a ship fitted with SONAR are transmitted in water towards an approaching submarine . The frequency of the reflected waves is measured and hence the speed of the submarine is calculated.
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
Dielectric Material
Introduction to dielectric material:
Dielectrics are insulating materials. In dielectrics all the electrons are bound to their parent molecules and there are no free charges. Even with normal voltage or thermal energy electrons are not released. Dielectrics are non metallic materials of high specific resistance and have negative temperature coefficient of resistance.
Dielectric Constant and electric polarization:
Dielectric Constant ( `epsi`r ) : The dielectric characteristics of a material are determined by the dielectric constant or relative permittivity `epsi`r of that material. It is the ratio between the permittivity of the medium and the permittivity of free space .
i.e., `epsi_r` = `(epsi)/(epsi_0)` . Since it is the ratio of same quantity, `epsi_r` has no unit. It is a measure of polarization in the dielectric material.
Electric Polarization : Let us consider an atom placed inside an electric field. The centre of positive charge is displaced along the applied field direction. Thus a dipole is produced. When a dielectric material is placed inside an electric field such dipoles are created in all the atoms inside. This process of producing electric dipoles which are oriented along the field direction is called polarization in dielectrics.
Important applications of dielectric materials:
Dielectrics are very widely used as insulating materials.
1. Electrical conductors made of Aluminium Copper which are used for electric wiring are insulated with a outer jacket of plastic or rubber.
2. In heater coils ceramic bead are used to avoid short circuiting as well as to insulate the outer body from electric current.
3. In electric iron, mica or asbestos insulation is provided to prevent the flow of electric current to the outer body of the iron.
4. In transformers as well as in motor and generator windings varnished cotton is used as insulator.
5. In electricity distribution lines, porcelain structures are used as insulators between points of different potential. In between aluminium or steel - cored aluminium conductors running through different distribution points, acts as insulator.
Dielectrics are insulating materials. In dielectrics all the electrons are bound to their parent molecules and there are no free charges. Even with normal voltage or thermal energy electrons are not released. Dielectrics are non metallic materials of high specific resistance and have negative temperature coefficient of resistance.
Dielectric Constant and electric polarization:
Dielectric Constant ( `epsi`r ) : The dielectric characteristics of a material are determined by the dielectric constant or relative permittivity `epsi`r of that material. It is the ratio between the permittivity of the medium and the permittivity of free space .
i.e., `epsi_r` = `(epsi)/(epsi_0)` . Since it is the ratio of same quantity, `epsi_r` has no unit. It is a measure of polarization in the dielectric material.
Electric Polarization : Let us consider an atom placed inside an electric field. The centre of positive charge is displaced along the applied field direction. Thus a dipole is produced. When a dielectric material is placed inside an electric field such dipoles are created in all the atoms inside. This process of producing electric dipoles which are oriented along the field direction is called polarization in dielectrics.
Important applications of dielectric materials:
Dielectrics are very widely used as insulating materials.
1. Electrical conductors made of Aluminium Copper which are used for electric wiring are insulated with a outer jacket of plastic or rubber.
2. In heater coils ceramic bead are used to avoid short circuiting as well as to insulate the outer body from electric current.
3. In electric iron, mica or asbestos insulation is provided to prevent the flow of electric current to the outer body of the iron.
4. In transformers as well as in motor and generator windings varnished cotton is used as insulator.
5. In electricity distribution lines, porcelain structures are used as insulators between points of different potential. In between aluminium or steel - cored aluminium conductors running through different distribution points, acts as insulator.
Electrostatic Charge
Introduction to Electrostatic Charge:
Electrostatic charges are of two kinds : positive charge, negative charge. These names were given by ‘Benjamin Franklin’ in 1750. For example – If we rub a glass rod with silk, the rod becomes charged. Similarly, an ebonite rod on being rubbed with cat-skin becomes charged. But the electrostatic charges of these rods are of different types, the one which is developed I the glass rod on rubbing it with silk and the other which is developed in the ebonite rod on rubbing it with cat-skin. The first is called the ‘Positive charge’ and the second is called the ‘negative charge’. These charges are called as electrostatic charges because they don’t move in the material.
I like to share this Heat Capacity Equation with you all through my article.
Quantization of Electrostatic Charges
Millikan’s oil drop experiment, and many other experiments have shown that in nature electric charges are found to be made up of integral multiples of a smallest amount of charge. This smallest amount is 1.6 x 10^-19 coulomb. It is denoted by ‘e’, and is charge of an electron. All existing charges are found to be ‘ne’ (where n is a positive or negative integer) such as e, 2e, 3e, ……, -e, -2e, -3e,……… No charge is found in the fraction of e ( as 0.7e or 2.5e). it means that electric charges can’t be divided indefinitely.
This property of charge is called as ‘quantization’ or ‘atomicity’ of charge. Since e is the smallest unit of charge, it is called as ‘elementary charge’.
Having problem with inertia formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Law of Electrostatic Charges
As per law of electrostatic charges ‘ Like charges repel each other while unlike charges attract each other’. The force of repulsion or attraction between two like or unlike charges is called as ‘ Coulombian force’. For example- a positive charge will attract another negative charge while repel another positive charge. Similarly a negative charge will attract another positive charge while repel another negative charge.
Electrostatic charges are of two kinds : positive charge, negative charge. These names were given by ‘Benjamin Franklin’ in 1750. For example – If we rub a glass rod with silk, the rod becomes charged. Similarly, an ebonite rod on being rubbed with cat-skin becomes charged. But the electrostatic charges of these rods are of different types, the one which is developed I the glass rod on rubbing it with silk and the other which is developed in the ebonite rod on rubbing it with cat-skin. The first is called the ‘Positive charge’ and the second is called the ‘negative charge’. These charges are called as electrostatic charges because they don’t move in the material.
I like to share this Heat Capacity Equation with you all through my article.
Quantization of Electrostatic Charges
Millikan’s oil drop experiment, and many other experiments have shown that in nature electric charges are found to be made up of integral multiples of a smallest amount of charge. This smallest amount is 1.6 x 10^-19 coulomb. It is denoted by ‘e’, and is charge of an electron. All existing charges are found to be ‘ne’ (where n is a positive or negative integer) such as e, 2e, 3e, ……, -e, -2e, -3e,……… No charge is found in the fraction of e ( as 0.7e or 2.5e). it means that electric charges can’t be divided indefinitely.
This property of charge is called as ‘quantization’ or ‘atomicity’ of charge. Since e is the smallest unit of charge, it is called as ‘elementary charge’.
Having problem with inertia formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Law of Electrostatic Charges
As per law of electrostatic charges ‘ Like charges repel each other while unlike charges attract each other’. The force of repulsion or attraction between two like or unlike charges is called as ‘ Coulombian force’. For example- a positive charge will attract another negative charge while repel another positive charge. Similarly a negative charge will attract another positive charge while repel another negative charge.
Displacement Vector
Introduction to displacement vector
Vectors are the physical quantities which can be completely described by their magnitudes and as well as their directions. Without direction, there are no meaning of vector quantities. Suppose we are saying that you have to go 5 m and find a red flag so it is not sure whether we get the flag or not because we don’t know in which direction we have to move to find the flag. Therefore, displacement is a vector quantity. There are so many vector quantities in the physical world such as velocity, force, momentum, impulse, thrust etc.
I like to share this Parallel Vectors with you all through my article.
Displacement vector
Displacement vector is defined as the change in the position of the body in a particular fixed direction. Displacement vector is given by a vector drawn from initial position to the final position of the body. Displacement vector can be positive, negative or zero. The Standard Unit of displacement vector is metre and the other units are centimetre and millimetre etc. The magnitude of the displacement vector is less than or equal to the actual distance travelled by the object in the given interval of time. Displacement vector is the shortest path between two points and the direction displacement vector is always from the initial point to the final point.
Understanding Formula for Density is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Characteristics of displacement vector
The main characteristics of the displacement vector are as follows:
(i) Displacement vector has the unit of length.
(ii) The displacement vector of a body can be positive, negative or zero. If a body moves towards right in the particular time interval, its displacement vector is positive. If a body moves towards left in any particular time, its displacement vector is negative. If a body completes one round around any closed path, its displacement vector is zero.
(iii) The displacement vector is not depends on the choice of origin of the position coordinates.
(iv) The actual distance travelled by a body in a given interval of time is greater than or equal to the magnitude of the displacement.
(v) The displacement of a body between two points is the unique path that takes the body from its initial to final position.
(vi) The displacement of the body between two positions does not give nay information regarding the shape of the actual path followed by the body between these two positions.
Vectors are the physical quantities which can be completely described by their magnitudes and as well as their directions. Without direction, there are no meaning of vector quantities. Suppose we are saying that you have to go 5 m and find a red flag so it is not sure whether we get the flag or not because we don’t know in which direction we have to move to find the flag. Therefore, displacement is a vector quantity. There are so many vector quantities in the physical world such as velocity, force, momentum, impulse, thrust etc.
I like to share this Parallel Vectors with you all through my article.
Displacement vector
Displacement vector is defined as the change in the position of the body in a particular fixed direction. Displacement vector is given by a vector drawn from initial position to the final position of the body. Displacement vector can be positive, negative or zero. The Standard Unit of displacement vector is metre and the other units are centimetre and millimetre etc. The magnitude of the displacement vector is less than or equal to the actual distance travelled by the object in the given interval of time. Displacement vector is the shortest path between two points and the direction displacement vector is always from the initial point to the final point.
Understanding Formula for Density is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Characteristics of displacement vector
The main characteristics of the displacement vector are as follows:
(i) Displacement vector has the unit of length.
(ii) The displacement vector of a body can be positive, negative or zero. If a body moves towards right in the particular time interval, its displacement vector is positive. If a body moves towards left in any particular time, its displacement vector is negative. If a body completes one round around any closed path, its displacement vector is zero.
(iii) The displacement vector is not depends on the choice of origin of the position coordinates.
(iv) The actual distance travelled by a body in a given interval of time is greater than or equal to the magnitude of the displacement.
(v) The displacement of a body between two points is the unique path that takes the body from its initial to final position.
(vi) The displacement of the body between two positions does not give nay information regarding the shape of the actual path followed by the body between these two positions.
Wind Electric Generator
Introduction to wind electric generator:
Electricity is an essential part of our life.We can not even think of world without electricity in future.Electricity is required in each and every aspect of life .A country can not progress even a bit without power.To fulfill the meed of power so many power plants are made which generates good amount of electric power.There are many ways through which electricity is generated.Please express your views of this topic Energy Types by commenting on blog.
Thermal power plants
Hydro Power plants
Nuclear power plants
Geothermal power plants
These are the few methods by which power is generated.In thermal power plants some fuels like coal etc are needed which is used to heat water and thus steam generated is used ti rotate the turbine.and then the power is generated.similarly in hydro power plants water is used to rotate the turbine.In the nuclear power plant fission of radioactive element liberates large amount of energy which is used to produce the steam by heating of water and this is used to rotate the turbine and then power is generated.
Apart from these scientists have evolved a new method to generate power from the wind.A fast moving air is known as wind .so in this method wind is used ti rotate the turbine and hence it helps in the production of electric power.Wind turbine takes the energy from the wind and then it converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Different parts of wind Mill
The turbine used in the wind mill mainly contains three blades.These are fast rotating blades whi8ch can rotate up to more than 300km per hour.The blades are of the length about 30 to 40 meters.And the pole is of the height 60 yo 90 meters.A gear box is also used which helps to step up the generator.Some times the same speed generator is used but more power can be generated by the variable speed generator.The blades are made in such a way that it is not affected by the climate change.
Having problem with Angular Speed Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Advantages and Disadvantages of wind electric generator
Advantages:
It does not cause any pollution
Height of pole helps the to get high wind most of the time.
movement of Blade is always perpendicular to the wind so it helps to attain maximum efficiency.
Wind is a natural resource so it can be used for ever unlike coal and radioactive elements which will last for ever.
Disadvantages:
The height of towers are so long therefore there is always a problem for transportation.
Installation is not easy.
Flow of wind is not consistent in some areas.So when there is no wind efficiency can decline.
Complete dependency on the flow of wind for the power generation
Electricity is an essential part of our life.We can not even think of world without electricity in future.Electricity is required in each and every aspect of life .A country can not progress even a bit without power.To fulfill the meed of power so many power plants are made which generates good amount of electric power.There are many ways through which electricity is generated.Please express your views of this topic Energy Types by commenting on blog.
Thermal power plants
Hydro Power plants
Nuclear power plants
Geothermal power plants
These are the few methods by which power is generated.In thermal power plants some fuels like coal etc are needed which is used to heat water and thus steam generated is used ti rotate the turbine.and then the power is generated.similarly in hydro power plants water is used to rotate the turbine.In the nuclear power plant fission of radioactive element liberates large amount of energy which is used to produce the steam by heating of water and this is used to rotate the turbine and then power is generated.
Apart from these scientists have evolved a new method to generate power from the wind.A fast moving air is known as wind .so in this method wind is used ti rotate the turbine and hence it helps in the production of electric power.Wind turbine takes the energy from the wind and then it converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Different parts of wind Mill
The turbine used in the wind mill mainly contains three blades.These are fast rotating blades whi8ch can rotate up to more than 300km per hour.The blades are of the length about 30 to 40 meters.And the pole is of the height 60 yo 90 meters.A gear box is also used which helps to step up the generator.Some times the same speed generator is used but more power can be generated by the variable speed generator.The blades are made in such a way that it is not affected by the climate change.
Having problem with Angular Speed Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Advantages and Disadvantages of wind electric generator
Advantages:
It does not cause any pollution
Height of pole helps the to get high wind most of the time.
movement of Blade is always perpendicular to the wind so it helps to attain maximum efficiency.
Wind is a natural resource so it can be used for ever unlike coal and radioactive elements which will last for ever.
Disadvantages:
The height of towers are so long therefore there is always a problem for transportation.
Installation is not easy.
Flow of wind is not consistent in some areas.So when there is no wind efficiency can decline.
Complete dependency on the flow of wind for the power generation
Thursday, May 16, 2013
Environmental Consequences
Introduction to environmental consequences:
Corn kernels are protecting the University of Missouri farmer Tim Reinbott $1,000 to $2,000 per annual year in utility cost, and are removing the need for propane to keep one of his greenhouses warm and which avoids the environmental consequences. Fifty-gallons of rainwater barrels save them all nighttime heating costs for another greenhouse. Which supports many tropical plants and wooden pallets that would otherwise be discarded are utilized to heat the farm's administrative center, again protects thousands of dollars in fuel costs. Is this topic Formula for Density hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Small-scale farmers benefits of environmental consequences:
Small-scale farmers be benefited, too
The matter of the research is never to target just the commercial farmer the NU press release quotes Reinbott saying, “With the comprehensive strategies our utilization can be done on a small or large scale. We want the owners to be able to take what we have done and use it in their backyards.”
And those just doesn’t just talk: the headquarters offered free workshops this month for livestock owners and native plant enthusiasts in the locality.
These are many part of the University's experimental farm project, the Bradford Research and Extension Center, where Reinbott works as superintendent and serves to avoid the environmental consequences.
The corn kernels are burned for the fuel in a different burner, as are the wooded pallets, and the water barrels are situated along with the back wall of the greenhouse to gain the sun’s rays, even in the winter. The water gains the heat by the sun during the daytime and then at night, discharges that heat into the greenhouse enough to keep the inner temperature from the winter.
Reinbott, who also fixed underground pipes that can be used to geothermal heat to keep the temperature of the greenhouse stabilized, estimates that these projects combines together and saves Bradford Farm about $13,000 in propane costs every year.
Having problem with Atomic Radii Chart keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Advantages of environmentally unfriendly fuels:
Reinbott trusts that farmers take the advantage of green technology that can be used for the marketing advantage: “Production of food while sustaining the environment will happen to be increasingly more important,” Reinbott said. “Being ‘pest free’ its not that different than heating greenhouses with corn or other raw materials. You’re using natural products to replace environmentally unfriendly fuels, to avoid environmental consequences.
Corn kernels are protecting the University of Missouri farmer Tim Reinbott $1,000 to $2,000 per annual year in utility cost, and are removing the need for propane to keep one of his greenhouses warm and which avoids the environmental consequences. Fifty-gallons of rainwater barrels save them all nighttime heating costs for another greenhouse. Which supports many tropical plants and wooden pallets that would otherwise be discarded are utilized to heat the farm's administrative center, again protects thousands of dollars in fuel costs. Is this topic Formula for Density hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Small-scale farmers benefits of environmental consequences:
Small-scale farmers be benefited, too
The matter of the research is never to target just the commercial farmer the NU press release quotes Reinbott saying, “With the comprehensive strategies our utilization can be done on a small or large scale. We want the owners to be able to take what we have done and use it in their backyards.”
And those just doesn’t just talk: the headquarters offered free workshops this month for livestock owners and native plant enthusiasts in the locality.
These are many part of the University's experimental farm project, the Bradford Research and Extension Center, where Reinbott works as superintendent and serves to avoid the environmental consequences.
The corn kernels are burned for the fuel in a different burner, as are the wooded pallets, and the water barrels are situated along with the back wall of the greenhouse to gain the sun’s rays, even in the winter. The water gains the heat by the sun during the daytime and then at night, discharges that heat into the greenhouse enough to keep the inner temperature from the winter.
Reinbott, who also fixed underground pipes that can be used to geothermal heat to keep the temperature of the greenhouse stabilized, estimates that these projects combines together and saves Bradford Farm about $13,000 in propane costs every year.
Having problem with Atomic Radii Chart keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Advantages of environmentally unfriendly fuels:
Reinbott trusts that farmers take the advantage of green technology that can be used for the marketing advantage: “Production of food while sustaining the environment will happen to be increasingly more important,” Reinbott said. “Being ‘pest free’ its not that different than heating greenhouses with corn or other raw materials. You’re using natural products to replace environmentally unfriendly fuels, to avoid environmental consequences.
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Amplitude Modulation
Communication Systems are the systems used to transfer quality information from one point to another through various components. A technique called modulation is most common in communication systems for telecommunications. I like to share this Electric Circuit Simulator with you all through my article.
This is done by a component called modulator and is present at transmitter’s end. Opposite working component of the same is demodulator which is present at receiver’s end and performs reverse of the same.
It is a method or technique of changing a property of high frequency carrier wave in accordance to the modulating signal. Any of the one of the following properties is changed: amplitude, frequency and phase of the carrier wave. So, it is used to transfer an information signal (modulating signal) inside another signal (carrier wave).
Amplitude form of adding information signal is a technique of varying amplitude of the carrier wave according to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. For example if the instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal is positive then the amplitude of carrier wave will be increased while if the amplitude of modulating signal is negative then the amplitude of the carrier wave will be decreased.
advantages of amplitude modulation is that long distance propagation is possible through it. Also amplitude form is cheaper and less complex. The coverage area of AM receivers is large.
Let us understand what is frequency modulation now: This is another technique of analog modulation in which instantaneous frequency of carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous values of modulating signal (which carries information). This technique is mostly used in music and voice broadcasting, radio systems, video transmissions etc.
Is this topic Friction Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
digital frequency modulation is a technique used for transmission of digital signal or digital stream . This is done by shifting the frequency of carrier wave among a range through a technique called frequency shift keying. The digital information is transferred by discrete frequency changes in carrier. The simplest technique of frequency shift keying is binary shift keying. In this technique binary information is transferred using a couple of discrete frequency. Binary information is in the form of 0 and 1. Here 1 is called mark frequency and 0 is called space information.
pulse width modulation definition : it is a technique of changing the digital signal into pulses to simulate a change in voltage. Terms used in PWM: period: time taken to complete pulse cycle. Frequency: number of pulses generated in a unit time and duty cycle: time in a period for which pulses are high. The technique uses rectangular pulses whose width is modulated such that average value of waveform varies.
This is done by a component called modulator and is present at transmitter’s end. Opposite working component of the same is demodulator which is present at receiver’s end and performs reverse of the same.
It is a method or technique of changing a property of high frequency carrier wave in accordance to the modulating signal. Any of the one of the following properties is changed: amplitude, frequency and phase of the carrier wave. So, it is used to transfer an information signal (modulating signal) inside another signal (carrier wave).
Amplitude form of adding information signal is a technique of varying amplitude of the carrier wave according to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. For example if the instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal is positive then the amplitude of carrier wave will be increased while if the amplitude of modulating signal is negative then the amplitude of the carrier wave will be decreased.
advantages of amplitude modulation is that long distance propagation is possible through it. Also amplitude form is cheaper and less complex. The coverage area of AM receivers is large.
Let us understand what is frequency modulation now: This is another technique of analog modulation in which instantaneous frequency of carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous values of modulating signal (which carries information). This technique is mostly used in music and voice broadcasting, radio systems, video transmissions etc.
Is this topic Friction Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
digital frequency modulation is a technique used for transmission of digital signal or digital stream . This is done by shifting the frequency of carrier wave among a range through a technique called frequency shift keying. The digital information is transferred by discrete frequency changes in carrier. The simplest technique of frequency shift keying is binary shift keying. In this technique binary information is transferred using a couple of discrete frequency. Binary information is in the form of 0 and 1. Here 1 is called mark frequency and 0 is called space information.
pulse width modulation definition : it is a technique of changing the digital signal into pulses to simulate a change in voltage. Terms used in PWM: period: time taken to complete pulse cycle. Frequency: number of pulses generated in a unit time and duty cycle: time in a period for which pulses are high. The technique uses rectangular pulses whose width is modulated such that average value of waveform varies.
Wavelength Example
Wavelength can be defined as the distance between the two consecutive shapes that are similar for a wave. That is for a repeating shape in the wave structure if we consider the distance between it and its first occurrence or between any two consecutive occurrences of it then the distance can be called as the wavelength. Please express your views of this topic Frequency to Wavelength by commenting on blog.
Now the next obvious question is what those shapes are or what shapes should be considered valid? For example let us consider Crests or troughs of the wave as the shapes. So the distance between two consecutive crests or any two consecutive troughs will be called as wave length.
The Symbol of the same is lambda. It is denoted by an inverted V with a head. (?). The symbol is Greek. The unit used in MKS system is meter. The distance is what we are referring here and hence the unit.
Let us talk about Wave-length Formula now. As we know that wave speed = Wavelength / period = lambda / T so Wave-length. = Wave speed * Period.
Here wave velocity (with direction) has been simplified and only its magnitude (wave speed) is considered.
What is Wave length? The answer to this question can vary with the type of the waves. But the basic formula remains the same. For some wave the speed always remains constant, however the frequency can vary when they move from one medium to another.
Is this topic Magnetism and Electricity hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Formula for Wave length can also be found in the equation of wave speed. . It is the relation between the frequency of the wave and its wavelength. The speed of the wave will be expressed in meter per second. That Is in MKS system. As far as the equation is considered we have frequency expressed in Hertz and wavelength expressed in meter.
Also Lambda = 2 pi / k where k is the wave number.
We can also say that k = 2 pi / lambda = 2 pi F / v ( v = wave speed) = omega / v
Or lambda = 2 pi / k = 2 pi v / omega = v / f. This is the basic derivation for the wavelength formula.
We also have a general representation of wave wherein we can see wave length as the variable.
Y (x, t) = A cos ( 2 pi (x / lambda – ft ) ) = A cos ( 2 pi / lambda ( x – v t )
Here v = wave speed
Lambda = w. l
F = frequency
T = time period
Pi = 3.14
Now the next obvious question is what those shapes are or what shapes should be considered valid? For example let us consider Crests or troughs of the wave as the shapes. So the distance between two consecutive crests or any two consecutive troughs will be called as wave length.
The Symbol of the same is lambda. It is denoted by an inverted V with a head. (?). The symbol is Greek. The unit used in MKS system is meter. The distance is what we are referring here and hence the unit.
Let us talk about Wave-length Formula now. As we know that wave speed = Wavelength / period = lambda / T so Wave-length. = Wave speed * Period.
Here wave velocity (with direction) has been simplified and only its magnitude (wave speed) is considered.
What is Wave length? The answer to this question can vary with the type of the waves. But the basic formula remains the same. For some wave the speed always remains constant, however the frequency can vary when they move from one medium to another.
Is this topic Magnetism and Electricity hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Formula for Wave length can also be found in the equation of wave speed. . It is the relation between the frequency of the wave and its wavelength. The speed of the wave will be expressed in meter per second. That Is in MKS system. As far as the equation is considered we have frequency expressed in Hertz and wavelength expressed in meter.
Also Lambda = 2 pi / k where k is the wave number.
We can also say that k = 2 pi / lambda = 2 pi F / v ( v = wave speed) = omega / v
Or lambda = 2 pi / k = 2 pi v / omega = v / f. This is the basic derivation for the wavelength formula.
We also have a general representation of wave wherein we can see wave length as the variable.
Y (x, t) = A cos ( 2 pi (x / lambda – ft ) ) = A cos ( 2 pi / lambda ( x – v t )
Here v = wave speed
Lambda = w. l
F = frequency
T = time period
Pi = 3.14
Thursday, May 2, 2013
Geothermal Wind Energy
Introduction about Geothermal Wind Energy:
Let us see the introduction about Geothermal Wind Energy. Geothermal energy is used to store the heat in the earth and it extracted the power from earth. The motion of the wind is converted into mechanical energy by rotating the wind turbine also called wind mill, which is used to produce electricity. Let us see the theory for Geothermal Wind Energy.
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Theory for Geothermal Wind Energy:
Geothermal Energy:
The range of geothermal energy resources around the hot water and hot rock is found the surface of the earth. The heat exchanger of a geothermal energy system of pipes is buried to the ground. The geothermal energy is generated by the production of electricity from the heat.
Wind Energy:
Wind is caused due to absorption of solar energy on the earth surface and the rotation of the earth. Wind mills are used to extract energy from the wind and to produce mechanical work. Due to this alternate heating and cooling occurs and air movement is caused as there is pressure difference.
Generator:
The shaft of the gear box is coupled to a generator. The mechanical work of the rotor is converted into electrical power by the generator.
Wind mill:
Rotor is the most important component of the wind power plant.
Let us see the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal wind energy.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Wind Energy:
Advantages of Geothermal Wind Energy:
Geothermal energy is used for the home appliances and heat is taken from the earth.
Wind energy is freely available and inexhaustible.
Geothermal wind energy power production cost is low.
No consumption of fuel and hence no fuel cost and transportation problems.
Disadvantages of Geothermal Wind Energy:
Wind energy is not continuously available and fluctuating in nature.
Noisy in operation.
Large land area is required.
These are advantages and disadvantages of geothermal wind energy.
Let us see the introduction about Geothermal Wind Energy. Geothermal energy is used to store the heat in the earth and it extracted the power from earth. The motion of the wind is converted into mechanical energy by rotating the wind turbine also called wind mill, which is used to produce electricity. Let us see the theory for Geothermal Wind Energy.
Please express your views of this topic Elastic Potential Energy Formula by commenting on blog.
Theory for Geothermal Wind Energy:
Geothermal Energy:
The range of geothermal energy resources around the hot water and hot rock is found the surface of the earth. The heat exchanger of a geothermal energy system of pipes is buried to the ground. The geothermal energy is generated by the production of electricity from the heat.
Wind Energy:
Wind is caused due to absorption of solar energy on the earth surface and the rotation of the earth. Wind mills are used to extract energy from the wind and to produce mechanical work. Due to this alternate heating and cooling occurs and air movement is caused as there is pressure difference.
Generator:
The shaft of the gear box is coupled to a generator. The mechanical work of the rotor is converted into electrical power by the generator.
Wind mill:
Rotor is the most important component of the wind power plant.
Let us see the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal wind energy.
Having problem with Angular Velocity Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Wind Energy:
Advantages of Geothermal Wind Energy:
Geothermal energy is used for the home appliances and heat is taken from the earth.
Wind energy is freely available and inexhaustible.
Geothermal wind energy power production cost is low.
No consumption of fuel and hence no fuel cost and transportation problems.
Disadvantages of Geothermal Wind Energy:
Wind energy is not continuously available and fluctuating in nature.
Noisy in operation.
Large land area is required.
These are advantages and disadvantages of geothermal wind energy.
Respiration in Human Beings
Introduction to respiration in human beings
Respiration is the process by which diffusion of gases occur. Humans need continuous supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and need to get rid of excess carbon dioxide. Lungs are the organs of respiration in human beings and are composed of millions of tiny air sacs clustered as grapes known as alveoli.
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organs of respiration in the human beings
Nostrils-helps in breathing
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Glottis (vocal cords)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi-Trachea bifurcates into left and right bronchi, which enters each lung and divides further into bronchioles. Bronchioles deliver the air into alveoli.
Lungs- Lungs of human beings are packed with numerous tiny sacs called alveoli, which provide huge surface are for gaseous exchange. Air enters these structures through the system of air passages.
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Mechanism of respiration in human beings
Breathing is the mechanism by which gas is from the atmosphere enters into the human body. It divisible into two phases namely, inspiration and expiration. During inspiration, air always flows from a region of high pressure (atmosphere) to a region of lower pressure and during expiration the air from the lungs are expelled out.
Breathing is done through nostril and from nostrils the airs pass through nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi, smaller bronchial tubules, bronchioles, and finally into a microscopic air sac called an alveolus.
The alveoli are surrounded by extensive network of blood vessels called capillaries. The exchange of oxygen in air for carbon dioxide in the blood occurs across the walls of alveolus of lungs.
This oxygenated or oxygen enriched blood then flows out through capillaries and feeds oxygen for the cells through circulatory system.
Cells present in the body tissues needs oxygen for cellular respiration and need to get rid of the carbon dioxide, so the blood is carried throughout the body exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the body's tissues.
Respiration is the process by which diffusion of gases occur. Humans need continuous supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and need to get rid of excess carbon dioxide. Lungs are the organs of respiration in human beings and are composed of millions of tiny air sacs clustered as grapes known as alveoli.
I like to share this What is Average Atomic Mass with you all through my article.
organs of respiration in the human beings
Nostrils-helps in breathing
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Glottis (vocal cords)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi-Trachea bifurcates into left and right bronchi, which enters each lung and divides further into bronchioles. Bronchioles deliver the air into alveoli.
Lungs- Lungs of human beings are packed with numerous tiny sacs called alveoli, which provide huge surface are for gaseous exchange. Air enters these structures through the system of air passages.
Having problem with vector projection equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Mechanism of respiration in human beings
Breathing is the mechanism by which gas is from the atmosphere enters into the human body. It divisible into two phases namely, inspiration and expiration. During inspiration, air always flows from a region of high pressure (atmosphere) to a region of lower pressure and during expiration the air from the lungs are expelled out.
Breathing is done through nostril and from nostrils the airs pass through nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi, smaller bronchial tubules, bronchioles, and finally into a microscopic air sac called an alveolus.
The alveoli are surrounded by extensive network of blood vessels called capillaries. The exchange of oxygen in air for carbon dioxide in the blood occurs across the walls of alveolus of lungs.
This oxygenated or oxygen enriched blood then flows out through capillaries and feeds oxygen for the cells through circulatory system.
Cells present in the body tissues needs oxygen for cellular respiration and need to get rid of the carbon dioxide, so the blood is carried throughout the body exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the body's tissues.
Wednesday, May 1, 2013
Thermoelectric Thermometer
Introduction to thermoelectric thermometer:
A thermometer is used to measure temperature of a body. Temperature may be defined as a thermal condition of a body which determines its ability to transfer heat to other bodies. The thermal equilibrium of two bodies kept in contact for a ling time can be tested by a third body which is a device used to measure temperature. Such a device is called thermometer. A device which measures the thermal condition of a body i scaled thermometer.
Thermometers are classified depending upon the physical property of substance used in them such as Liquid thermometers , Gas thermometers, Resistance thermometers , Thermoelectric thermometers, Radiation thermometers, Va pour pressure thermometers.
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Thermoelectric thermometer
When the junctions of two dissimilar metals are maintained at different temperatures an emf is generated. This effect is called thermoelectric effect or Seebeck effect. The pair of metals used to generate the emf is referred to as a thermocouple. The emf causes a current in the circuit as shown by the deflection produced in a galvanometer introduced in the circuit as shown in the figure below.
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The emf increases with the temperature difference between teh hot and cold junctions of a thermocouple. It reaches a maximum value at a certain temperature of thehot junction called neutral temperature.
Thermoelectric thermometer is based on the thermoelectric effect. Keeping the cold junction in melting ice and heating the hot junction to different temperatures determined by a constant volume hydrogen thermometer, the emf at each temperature is measured. A calibration curve is drawn plotting emf against temperature. Then the temperature of any body can be found from the graph by measuring the emf, keeping the body in contact with the hot junction.
Thermocouples are used to measure temperatures in the range of -250^0 C to 3000^0 C.
A thermometer is used to measure temperature of a body. Temperature may be defined as a thermal condition of a body which determines its ability to transfer heat to other bodies. The thermal equilibrium of two bodies kept in contact for a ling time can be tested by a third body which is a device used to measure temperature. Such a device is called thermometer. A device which measures the thermal condition of a body i scaled thermometer.
Thermometers are classified depending upon the physical property of substance used in them such as Liquid thermometers , Gas thermometers, Resistance thermometers , Thermoelectric thermometers, Radiation thermometers, Va pour pressure thermometers.
I like to share this The third Law of Thermodynamics with you all through my article.
Thermoelectric thermometer
When the junctions of two dissimilar metals are maintained at different temperatures an emf is generated. This effect is called thermoelectric effect or Seebeck effect. The pair of metals used to generate the emf is referred to as a thermocouple. The emf causes a current in the circuit as shown by the deflection produced in a galvanometer introduced in the circuit as shown in the figure below.
Is this topic formula of pressure hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
The emf increases with the temperature difference between teh hot and cold junctions of a thermocouple. It reaches a maximum value at a certain temperature of thehot junction called neutral temperature.
Thermoelectric thermometer is based on the thermoelectric effect. Keeping the cold junction in melting ice and heating the hot junction to different temperatures determined by a constant volume hydrogen thermometer, the emf at each temperature is measured. A calibration curve is drawn plotting emf against temperature. Then the temperature of any body can be found from the graph by measuring the emf, keeping the body in contact with the hot junction.
Thermocouples are used to measure temperatures in the range of -250^0 C to 3000^0 C.
Magnetic Field Generator
Magnets or magnetized and unmagnetized pieces of iron are constituted of molecules that themselves have magnetic character. Each elementary magnet possesses a north pole and a south pole.
The reason why an unmagnetized piece of iron does not exhibit magnetic properties or doesn’t generate magnetic field is that different molecular magnets form pole of one of the molecular magnets on a neighboring molecular magnet is exactly counterbalanced by the opposite pole of the other molecular magnet situated much closed to it for magnetic field. Please express your views of this topic Dipole Magnetic Field by commenting on blog.
The process of magnetization or generating magnetic field does not create any magnetism in the magnetized body but rearranges the molecular magnets. As a magnet is rubbed along an iron bar the molecular magnets are forced to break up their closed groups, lose magnetic field and tend to arrange themselves in an end to end sequence so that the north pole of every molecular magnet is situated close to the south pole of another molecular magnet.
How magnetic field is generated
At every stroke of the magnetizing magnet greater and greater number of molecular magnets arranges themselves in continuous chain along the direction of the stroke. Ultimately a stage is reached when all molecular magnets get arranged in row parallel to the magnet with the same free pole of the molecular magnets situated at same end of each row. All these free molecular polarities situated at each extremity of the magnetized piece North Pole at one end and the South Pole at the other.
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Soft iron can be easily magnetized even by a weak magnetic field, whereas steel can be magnetized only by a strong magnetic field. Therefore, less energy is required for magnetizing soft iron. Soft iron loses its magnetism immediately, whereas steel retains its magnetism.
It is observed that if a magnet is subjected to rough treatment such as dropping from a height or hammering then it gradually loses part or whole of its magnetism.
The reason why an unmagnetized piece of iron does not exhibit magnetic properties or doesn’t generate magnetic field is that different molecular magnets form pole of one of the molecular magnets on a neighboring molecular magnet is exactly counterbalanced by the opposite pole of the other molecular magnet situated much closed to it for magnetic field. Please express your views of this topic Dipole Magnetic Field by commenting on blog.
The process of magnetization or generating magnetic field does not create any magnetism in the magnetized body but rearranges the molecular magnets. As a magnet is rubbed along an iron bar the molecular magnets are forced to break up their closed groups, lose magnetic field and tend to arrange themselves in an end to end sequence so that the north pole of every molecular magnet is situated close to the south pole of another molecular magnet.
How magnetic field is generated
At every stroke of the magnetizing magnet greater and greater number of molecular magnets arranges themselves in continuous chain along the direction of the stroke. Ultimately a stage is reached when all molecular magnets get arranged in row parallel to the magnet with the same free pole of the molecular magnets situated at same end of each row. All these free molecular polarities situated at each extremity of the magnetized piece North Pole at one end and the South Pole at the other.
Is this topic vector projection equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Soft iron can be easily magnetized even by a weak magnetic field, whereas steel can be magnetized only by a strong magnetic field. Therefore, less energy is required for magnetizing soft iron. Soft iron loses its magnetism immediately, whereas steel retains its magnetism.
It is observed that if a magnet is subjected to rough treatment such as dropping from a height or hammering then it gradually loses part or whole of its magnetism.
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