Calculate Period of a Wave
Wave period (Pd) can be calculated by using the time graph of a wave. If we have wave frequency, the wave Pd can be calculated by calculating the reciprocal of frequency. It is due to the fact that the formula for wave Pd is as below:
T= 1/f
Wave frequency is measurement of number of cycles occurring in a given time or unit time. It measures number of periodic events or vibrational cycles of a wave that occur in a unit time. By knowing the wave frequency, one can easily calculate the wave Pd using above equation.
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Define Period of a Wave
If we consider a wave as a series of alternate maxima and minima’s, wave Pd is defined as time interval between two consecutive minima or maxima of the wave. Wave Pd measures time taken by a complete cycle of a wave to pass through a particular point. Wave Pd is measured in units of time.
Equation for Period of a Wave
Wave Pd is concerned with time taken by one complete vibration cycle of a wave to pass through a particular point. It is expressed by following equation:
Wave period= 1/ frequency or Frequency-1
From the above equation, one can deduce that wave Pd is related to wave frequency. Hence with increasing speed of wave, wave period decreases as it takes lesser time to pass through the reference point.
Unit of wave period is second/cycle.
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What is Wave Period
As we know that wave is the form of energy that has ability to travel from one point to other. Hence it is basically the disturbance from resting state. The wave is produced by repeating vibrations in the medium. For example if we talk about a rope that is being hold at two ends and is made to move in spiral motion. Here we produce repeated vibrations in the rope and the wave is produced. Wave Pd is concerned with time taken by a particle to complete one vibrational cycle. In case of wave, vibrations are repeatedly produced i.e. it is a periodic event. Hence wave Pd measures time taken to complete one cycle. It is a time quantity and hence it measured in units of time. The units of wave Pd are second/cycle or hrs/cycle or min/cycle. Wave Pd is symbolised by “T” and is calculated by using following formula:
T=1/f
Here
T= wave Pd
f= frequency
Wednesday, April 17, 2013
Wednesday, April 10, 2013
Types of Digital Modulation
Introduction:
In digital modulation, an analog signal of carrier is converted by a digital data bit stream. Digital modulation method is use to convert digital signal to analog and the responding demodulating is applied to convert analog signal to digital signal. This method of changing the carrier signal in according to the message signal. Here, we see about its types.
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Types of Digital modulation:
Let us see about types are methods used in digital modulation,
Phase-shift keying
Frequency-shift keying
Amplitude-shift keying
Multiple frequency-shift keying
On-off keying
Phase-shift keying (PSK):
It is one of the is a digital modulation types process which is used to transfer data signal by changing or converting the phase of an indication signal this wave is known as the carrier wave.
It is used for limited number of phases, every assigned an exclusive set of digits which is should be binary.
Frequently, every phase encodes an equivalent number of bits. Every pattern of bits creates the symbol that is denoted by the particular phase.
The demodulator, which is reassigned particularly for the symbol that set is used by the modulator, find out the phase of the received signal and maps it return to the symbol it denoted, thus getting the original data.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK):
It is a frequency modulation process in that digital message is transmitted during distinct frequency varying of a carrier wave.
The simplest FSK is well-known as binary FSK (0s and 1s).
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK);
These types are a pattern of modulation which denotes digital data as changes at the amplitude of a carrier wave at that time frequency and phase as constant.
The stage of amplitude used to symbolize binary reason 0s and 1s.
A carrier signal acting as ON or OFF switch.
In the output signal, logic 0 is noted by the non-appearance of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying action and there-fore the name specified.
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Multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK):
These types are difference of frequency-shift keying (FSK) which is used for more than two frequencies.
MFSK is a shape of M-ary orthogonal modulation.
On-off keying (OOK):
These types are one of form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave.
The attendance of a carrier for an explicit period represents a binary one, while its non-attendance for the similar duration noted a binary zero.
In digital modulation, an analog signal of carrier is converted by a digital data bit stream. Digital modulation method is use to convert digital signal to analog and the responding demodulating is applied to convert analog signal to digital signal. This method of changing the carrier signal in according to the message signal. Here, we see about its types.
I like to share this unit vector equation with you all through my article.
Types of Digital modulation:
Let us see about types are methods used in digital modulation,
Phase-shift keying
Frequency-shift keying
Amplitude-shift keying
Multiple frequency-shift keying
On-off keying
Phase-shift keying (PSK):
It is one of the is a digital modulation types process which is used to transfer data signal by changing or converting the phase of an indication signal this wave is known as the carrier wave.
It is used for limited number of phases, every assigned an exclusive set of digits which is should be binary.
Frequently, every phase encodes an equivalent number of bits. Every pattern of bits creates the symbol that is denoted by the particular phase.
The demodulator, which is reassigned particularly for the symbol that set is used by the modulator, find out the phase of the received signal and maps it return to the symbol it denoted, thus getting the original data.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK):
It is a frequency modulation process in that digital message is transmitted during distinct frequency varying of a carrier wave.
The simplest FSK is well-known as binary FSK (0s and 1s).
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK);
These types are a pattern of modulation which denotes digital data as changes at the amplitude of a carrier wave at that time frequency and phase as constant.
The stage of amplitude used to symbolize binary reason 0s and 1s.
A carrier signal acting as ON or OFF switch.
In the output signal, logic 0 is noted by the non-appearance of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying action and there-fore the name specified.
Having problem with Conservation of Linear Momentum keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK):
These types are difference of frequency-shift keying (FSK) which is used for more than two frequencies.
MFSK is a shape of M-ary orthogonal modulation.
On-off keying (OOK):
These types are one of form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave.
The attendance of a carrier for an explicit period represents a binary one, while its non-attendance for the similar duration noted a binary zero.
What is the Resistance of the Light Bulb
Introduction to what is the resistance of light bulb
Thomas Edison invented light bulb. The light bulb invented by Edison has high vacuum, high resistance and economic source of light energy. The light bulb works on the heating effect of electricity. As an electric current pass through the filament of the light bulb, the filament gets heated so that it produces light energy. The glass bulb contains vacuum or any inert gas to prevent the oxidation of the red-hot filament. The light bulb is made in wide range of sizes and voltages ranging from 1.5 volt upto 500 Volt. The light bulb has a low manufacturing cost and work on both alternating current and direct current. The light bulb is used in household purposes, commercial purposes, table lamps, headlamps, flashlights and for decorative purposes. Some heat-based applications of light bulbs are as use in brooding boxes in poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating, and toy oven etc.
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Description for the resistance of light bulb
The resistance of light bulb is calculated by using Ohm’s Law. First we prepare the arrangement of a bulb with a source of potential difference or a battery , a voltmeter, a ammeter, a voltage regulator and connecting wires. Now pass the current through the bulb with the help of the source of potential difference and measure the reading of voltmeter and ammeter. Change the potential difference by the voltage regulator and find the 4 readings of voltmeter and ammeter. Now for every reading find the ratio of V is to I, we get the resistance of the bulb. If we plot the graph between the potential difference and the current we get the straight line, shows that the resistance of the bulb remains constant at constant temperature. We can find the resistance of the bulb by using the wattage of the bulb, this is the maximum resistance of the bulb.
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Example Based on the resistance of the light bulb
An electric bulb has the wattage of 220 V – 100 W. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
We know that the power P = V^2/R
So R = V^2/P = 220 × 220 / 100= 484 ohm.
Thomas Edison invented light bulb. The light bulb invented by Edison has high vacuum, high resistance and economic source of light energy. The light bulb works on the heating effect of electricity. As an electric current pass through the filament of the light bulb, the filament gets heated so that it produces light energy. The glass bulb contains vacuum or any inert gas to prevent the oxidation of the red-hot filament. The light bulb is made in wide range of sizes and voltages ranging from 1.5 volt upto 500 Volt. The light bulb has a low manufacturing cost and work on both alternating current and direct current. The light bulb is used in household purposes, commercial purposes, table lamps, headlamps, flashlights and for decorative purposes. Some heat-based applications of light bulbs are as use in brooding boxes in poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating, and toy oven etc.
Please express your views of this topic Force of Static Friction Formula by commenting on blog.
Description for the resistance of light bulb
The resistance of light bulb is calculated by using Ohm’s Law. First we prepare the arrangement of a bulb with a source of potential difference or a battery , a voltmeter, a ammeter, a voltage regulator and connecting wires. Now pass the current through the bulb with the help of the source of potential difference and measure the reading of voltmeter and ammeter. Change the potential difference by the voltage regulator and find the 4 readings of voltmeter and ammeter. Now for every reading find the ratio of V is to I, we get the resistance of the bulb. If we plot the graph between the potential difference and the current we get the straight line, shows that the resistance of the bulb remains constant at constant temperature. We can find the resistance of the bulb by using the wattage of the bulb, this is the maximum resistance of the bulb.
Is this topic Definition of Atomic Radius hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Example Based on the resistance of the light bulb
An electric bulb has the wattage of 220 V – 100 W. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
We know that the power P = V^2/R
So R = V^2/P = 220 × 220 / 100= 484 ohm.
Illustrator Vector Tutorial
Introduction to Illustrator Vector Tutorial:
Illustrator vector tutorial is nothing but a kind of program which enables one to understand the vector and the use of vector in making the different physical objects. The various illustrator vector tutorials are given below.
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Illustrator Vector Tutorial
Create the Bright snowboard of Vector which is a kind of Design in the Illustrator vector tutorial. In this the Illustrator vector tutorial is followed to create the cool and best snowboard illustration. The design of the building of the vector illustrator tutorial suggested that the design possesses the array of bright shapes which consists of the trendy lines and hence the patterns produce the bright and the funky vector composition.
An Elegant Patterned Vector Owl is also created using the Illustrator which includes the step by step Illustration of the vector tutorial and hence created the stylized vector owl illustration which is of the simple shapes and simple patterns. In this we starts with the basic shapes and got the final owl shape and this all is done using the vector tutorial illustrator which is the essential component to know the vector and hence to make the general life object like the owl.
Creation of the Mercedes Logo. All the work is done using the vector illustrator like the work as to make the logo of any company and any vehicle. In making the logo of a vehicle like the car we use the grid tool and the ellipse tool of the illustrator tutorial and hence make the logo easily of any shape and of any company.
Creating Vector Landscape. The landscape like the general world things are also made using the vector illustrator. In making the landscape the main tool used is the Pen Tool which aerates the landscape of any shape as we want. There are several vector tutorials are available in the market the most commonly used is the Adobe Illustrator vector tutorial.Figure below shows the vector landscape made using the adobe vector tutorial illustrator.
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Conclusion for the vector tutorial related to illustrator
From the discussion made above, we can conclude the use of this particular application software in creating various models and graphics that help us in making any content more innovative and easy to understand.
Illustrator vector tutorial is nothing but a kind of program which enables one to understand the vector and the use of vector in making the different physical objects. The various illustrator vector tutorials are given below.
I like to share this unit vector equation with you all through my article.
Illustrator Vector Tutorial
Create the Bright snowboard of Vector which is a kind of Design in the Illustrator vector tutorial. In this the Illustrator vector tutorial is followed to create the cool and best snowboard illustration. The design of the building of the vector illustrator tutorial suggested that the design possesses the array of bright shapes which consists of the trendy lines and hence the patterns produce the bright and the funky vector composition.
An Elegant Patterned Vector Owl is also created using the Illustrator which includes the step by step Illustration of the vector tutorial and hence created the stylized vector owl illustration which is of the simple shapes and simple patterns. In this we starts with the basic shapes and got the final owl shape and this all is done using the vector tutorial illustrator which is the essential component to know the vector and hence to make the general life object like the owl.
Creation of the Mercedes Logo. All the work is done using the vector illustrator like the work as to make the logo of any company and any vehicle. In making the logo of a vehicle like the car we use the grid tool and the ellipse tool of the illustrator tutorial and hence make the logo easily of any shape and of any company.
Creating Vector Landscape. The landscape like the general world things are also made using the vector illustrator. In making the landscape the main tool used is the Pen Tool which aerates the landscape of any shape as we want. There are several vector tutorials are available in the market the most commonly used is the Adobe Illustrator vector tutorial.Figure below shows the vector landscape made using the adobe vector tutorial illustrator.
Having problem with Electron Spin Resonance keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion for the vector tutorial related to illustrator
From the discussion made above, we can conclude the use of this particular application software in creating various models and graphics that help us in making any content more innovative and easy to understand.
How Does Friction Work
Introduction on how does friction work
Friction, simply put, is an opposing force. Whenever there is some motion, there is a force that opposes that motion; acts against that motion. Thus, motion and friction are two physical forces that reside together. The cause of friction is the lack of complete smoothness between two surfaces. There cannot be two surfaces that are so smooth that zero friction force will exist in between them. This is due to the nature of matter itself; wherever there is interaction between two surfaces, there will be friction between them.
Zero friction can only exist in space, and specifically in vacuum, where there is no matter to offer friction. Thus, friction is an opposing force resulting from the interaction of two or more surfaces, and in the absence of matter, that is, in complete vacuum, there will exist no friction because there will be no matter to make interaction with an object.
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Explanation of how does friction work
There are two cause that cause friction between any two given surfaces. They are
Roughness of the surfaces of the bodies in contact
Even the smoothest surfaces, when observed under a microscope, will show lumps and scratches on their surfaces. When a body slides or rolls over another body, these lumps and scratches present on their surfaces interlock with each other, and thus give rise to a force that opposes the state of motion of the bodies.
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Explanation of how does friction work
Mutual attraction between molecules
The force of attraction present between molecules of different surfaces is called adhesive force. When two surfaces are in contact, the atoms and molecules of these surfaces adhere to each other at certain points thus creating an opposing force to the motion of either body.
Friction, simply put, is an opposing force. Whenever there is some motion, there is a force that opposes that motion; acts against that motion. Thus, motion and friction are two physical forces that reside together. The cause of friction is the lack of complete smoothness between two surfaces. There cannot be two surfaces that are so smooth that zero friction force will exist in between them. This is due to the nature of matter itself; wherever there is interaction between two surfaces, there will be friction between them.
Zero friction can only exist in space, and specifically in vacuum, where there is no matter to offer friction. Thus, friction is an opposing force resulting from the interaction of two or more surfaces, and in the absence of matter, that is, in complete vacuum, there will exist no friction because there will be no matter to make interaction with an object.
Please express your views of this topic Calculating Average Atomic Mass by commenting on blog.
Explanation of how does friction work
There are two cause that cause friction between any two given surfaces. They are
Roughness of the surfaces of the bodies in contact
Even the smoothest surfaces, when observed under a microscope, will show lumps and scratches on their surfaces. When a body slides or rolls over another body, these lumps and scratches present on their surfaces interlock with each other, and thus give rise to a force that opposes the state of motion of the bodies.
Having problem with Free Fall Physics Problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Explanation of how does friction work
Mutual attraction between molecules
The force of attraction present between molecules of different surfaces is called adhesive force. When two surfaces are in contact, the atoms and molecules of these surfaces adhere to each other at certain points thus creating an opposing force to the motion of either body.
Thursday, April 4, 2013
Photo Conductive Cell
Introduction to photo conductive cells:
Photo conductive means that it operates on light energy. The photo resistor is also made to work as the photo conductive cells. The resistivity of the photo resistor changes as the illumination of the incident light changes. This effect is called the photoconductivity effect. They are also called the light dependent resistors (LDR). Let us discuss the photo conductive cells.
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Need for Photo conductive cells
The photo conductive cells are the devices, which are used for detecting and measuring the electromagnetic radiations. It is based on the principle that the conductivity of the photo conductive cell changes as the wavelength or the frequency of the incident light changes. The photo conductive cell has two terminals, which are connected to a very thin coating of the photo conductive material.
Examples of Photo conductive cells
The main examples of the photo conductive material are Cadmium Sulphide (CdS), Cadmium Selenide (CdSe), Lead Selenide, Lead Telluride and Indianoid. The coatings of the photo conductive materials contains some impurities like antimony, Indium nitrate etc, for improve the efficiency of the photo conductive cell. The conductivity of the photo conductive cell is directly proportional to the concentration of the charge carriers present in the photo conductive material. As the light energy falls on the photo conductive cell, the covalent bonds of the semiconductor breaks and then create the electron hole pair. Due to this, the current carriers decrease the resistance of the material. In the absence of light, the resistance of the photo conductive cell is maximum. This current is called the dark current and the resistance corresponding to this current is called dark resistance. The dark resistance may be as high as few under mega ohms. Is this topic Equation of Work hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for the photo conductive cells
The light sources are placed one by one (decreasing order of wattage) at the fixed distance from the LDR. The ammeter readings are taken in each case. This is repeated and another set of reading obtained by varying resistance in the box. Keeping the distance and the bulb used the same; various color filters are held before the source. When exposed to, light the resistance of the photo resistor decreases and a large current called joint current flows through it.
Photo conductive means that it operates on light energy. The photo resistor is also made to work as the photo conductive cells. The resistivity of the photo resistor changes as the illumination of the incident light changes. This effect is called the photoconductivity effect. They are also called the light dependent resistors (LDR). Let us discuss the photo conductive cells.
Please express your views of this topic Ammeter Definition by commenting on blog.
Need for Photo conductive cells
The photo conductive cells are the devices, which are used for detecting and measuring the electromagnetic radiations. It is based on the principle that the conductivity of the photo conductive cell changes as the wavelength or the frequency of the incident light changes. The photo conductive cell has two terminals, which are connected to a very thin coating of the photo conductive material.
Examples of Photo conductive cells
The main examples of the photo conductive material are Cadmium Sulphide (CdS), Cadmium Selenide (CdSe), Lead Selenide, Lead Telluride and Indianoid. The coatings of the photo conductive materials contains some impurities like antimony, Indium nitrate etc, for improve the efficiency of the photo conductive cell. The conductivity of the photo conductive cell is directly proportional to the concentration of the charge carriers present in the photo conductive material. As the light energy falls on the photo conductive cell, the covalent bonds of the semiconductor breaks and then create the electron hole pair. Due to this, the current carriers decrease the resistance of the material. In the absence of light, the resistance of the photo conductive cell is maximum. This current is called the dark current and the resistance corresponding to this current is called dark resistance. The dark resistance may be as high as few under mega ohms. Is this topic Equation of Work hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for the photo conductive cells
The light sources are placed one by one (decreasing order of wattage) at the fixed distance from the LDR. The ammeter readings are taken in each case. This is repeated and another set of reading obtained by varying resistance in the box. Keeping the distance and the bulb used the same; various color filters are held before the source. When exposed to, light the resistance of the photo resistor decreases and a large current called joint current flows through it.
Renewable Energy Types
Introduction to renewable energy types:
We are dependent upon different sources of energy in one way or the other, directly for our energy requirements. Energy is a vital requirement for economic development. Increasing amounts of energy are needed to improve agricultural production, to turn the wheels of industry, to provide goods and services throughout the nation an to improve the quality of life of our people.
The energy sources that can be replenished , when once they are used up, are called renewable energy sources.
Ex : Solar energy , wind energy , water - power and bio - mass energy.
I like to share this Definition for Kinetic Energy with you all through my article.
Solar energy : renewable energy types
Solar energy : The SUN is the most direct and bountiful source of energy. It powers the flow of wind and water cycles on the earth's surface and sustains all life on the planet. Plants, which are Nature's Green factories, use this energy to make their food. This food provides sustenance to man and other animals on earth. Without sunlight, the earth would be a cold and dead planet. Energy radiated by the sun is free, non - polluting and limitless. The problem is to collect, use and store this energy efficiently and economically. Let us see Different types of Renewable Energy sources
Different types of Renewable Energy sources
Water Power : Running water is a source of renewable energy . This is freely available and does not pollute the environment. Water stored in dams is used to generate electricity. These Hydal Power stations are able to meet only 6% of world's energy requirements.
Tidal Energy : Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy. The daily rise and fall of the tides can be used to drive turbines for generating turbines for generating electricity. Tidal energy will prove to be a good and valuable source of energy in all the coastal areas of the world in the near future.
Bio-gas : Bio-gas, is a renewable source of energy . It is produced mainly from cow dung , sewage, crop residues, vegetable wastes, water hyacinth, poultry droppings, pig manure, etc. The material contained in the bodies of plants and animals is called Biomass . When organisms die their bio-mass can be used as fuel for domestic purposes. Animal and plant wastes are easily degraded by anaerobic micro- organisms in the presence of water, producing gases such as methane , carbon dioxide , hydrogen , hydrogen sulphide. This mixture of gases is called Bio-gas. It contains about 65% of methane which is an excellent fuel. It can be utilised for cooking, lighting and generation of electricity for use in agriculture and rural industry.
Having problem with The Problems of Work keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Geothermal Energy : The interior of earth is hot. Water seeping down deep into the earth is turned into steam and this can be supplied to homes for heating purposes and for generating electricity. Electricity produced in this way costs less than electricity from other sources.
Wind Energy : Wind is the motion of air. It is caused by differences in temperature and pressure in adjacent locations. The larger the pressure differences, the stronger will be the winds. Wind mills extract the kinetic energy, and convert it into useful electric power. Wind energy is in use since a long time and newer wind machines are being developed. Wind generators could be used in places that have fairly strong and fairly constant flow of winds. Sail-type wind mills and metal-vane windmills are being installed at several locations in our country. This is a pollution free, renewable source of energy.
We are dependent upon different sources of energy in one way or the other, directly for our energy requirements. Energy is a vital requirement for economic development. Increasing amounts of energy are needed to improve agricultural production, to turn the wheels of industry, to provide goods and services throughout the nation an to improve the quality of life of our people.
The energy sources that can be replenished , when once they are used up, are called renewable energy sources.
Ex : Solar energy , wind energy , water - power and bio - mass energy.
I like to share this Definition for Kinetic Energy with you all through my article.
Solar energy : renewable energy types
Solar energy : The SUN is the most direct and bountiful source of energy. It powers the flow of wind and water cycles on the earth's surface and sustains all life on the planet. Plants, which are Nature's Green factories, use this energy to make their food. This food provides sustenance to man and other animals on earth. Without sunlight, the earth would be a cold and dead planet. Energy radiated by the sun is free, non - polluting and limitless. The problem is to collect, use and store this energy efficiently and economically. Let us see Different types of Renewable Energy sources
Different types of Renewable Energy sources
Water Power : Running water is a source of renewable energy . This is freely available and does not pollute the environment. Water stored in dams is used to generate electricity. These Hydal Power stations are able to meet only 6% of world's energy requirements.
Tidal Energy : Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy. The daily rise and fall of the tides can be used to drive turbines for generating turbines for generating electricity. Tidal energy will prove to be a good and valuable source of energy in all the coastal areas of the world in the near future.
Bio-gas : Bio-gas, is a renewable source of energy . It is produced mainly from cow dung , sewage, crop residues, vegetable wastes, water hyacinth, poultry droppings, pig manure, etc. The material contained in the bodies of plants and animals is called Biomass . When organisms die their bio-mass can be used as fuel for domestic purposes. Animal and plant wastes are easily degraded by anaerobic micro- organisms in the presence of water, producing gases such as methane , carbon dioxide , hydrogen , hydrogen sulphide. This mixture of gases is called Bio-gas. It contains about 65% of methane which is an excellent fuel. It can be utilised for cooking, lighting and generation of electricity for use in agriculture and rural industry.
Having problem with The Problems of Work keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Geothermal Energy : The interior of earth is hot. Water seeping down deep into the earth is turned into steam and this can be supplied to homes for heating purposes and for generating electricity. Electricity produced in this way costs less than electricity from other sources.
Wind Energy : Wind is the motion of air. It is caused by differences in temperature and pressure in adjacent locations. The larger the pressure differences, the stronger will be the winds. Wind mills extract the kinetic energy, and convert it into useful electric power. Wind energy is in use since a long time and newer wind machines are being developed. Wind generators could be used in places that have fairly strong and fairly constant flow of winds. Sail-type wind mills and metal-vane windmills are being installed at several locations in our country. This is a pollution free, renewable source of energy.
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